Table Of Contents

Meet the Key Figures in Surah Hashr: Roles, Significance & Takeaways

This Character Compendium provides a definitive resource on the key figures, archetypes, and powerful concepts within Surah Al-Hashr, the 59th chapter of the Holy Qur’an. A powerful Madinan Surah, its name, “The Exile,” refers to the historical expulsion of the Jewish tribe of Banu an-Nadir from Madinah due to their treachery. The chapter uses this event to deliver profound lessons on the nature of faith and hypocrisy, the stark division between the Party of God (Hizbullah) and the Party of Satan, and the supreme importance of selfless brotherhood within the Muslim community, as exemplified by the Ansar. The Surah concludes with a majestic and awe-inspiring declaration of Allah’s most beautiful names and attributes. Each character card delves into the specific portrayal of these figures and concepts, extracting the timeless lessons on loyalty, sacrifice, and the ultimate sovereignty of the Creator.

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Ahl al-Kitab (The People of the Scripture)

Brief Biography / Background

Ahl al-Kitab, the People of the Scripture, refers to the followers of the divine revelations given before the Qur’an, primarily the Jews and the Christians. In this Surah, it refers specifically to the Jewish tribe of Banu an-Nadir in Madinah.

Role in the Surah

Their role is to be the primary example of a group that opposed Allah and His Messenger and faced the consequences. They are the ones who were expelled from their homes in the “first gathering.” Their misplaced confidence in their fortresses is highlighted: “They thought that their fortresses would protect them from Allah; but [the command of] Allah came upon them from where they had not expected, and He cast terror into their hearts…” (Al-Hashr, 59:2). Their story is presented as a lesson (‘ibrah) for those who have insight.

Personality & Attributes

This group is the archetype of the **treacherous and deluded community**. They are characterized by their opposition to Allah and His Messenger, their hypocrisy, and their false sense of security. They destroyed their own homes with their own hands and the hands of the believers, a sign of their complete and utter defeat.

Major Lessons & Morals

• No worldly fortress or material strength can protect a person from the decree of Allah.
• Opposition to Allah and His Messenger leads to terror in the heart and a humiliating defeat.
• The history of those who broke their covenants is a profound “lesson for those of vision.”

Supporting References

Their story is a powerful lesson in the futility of relying on worldly means against the will of God. The terror that was “cast into their hearts” was a divine soldier, more powerful than any physical weapon. It was this internal collapse that led to their swift surrender, demonstrating that the true battle is won or lost in the heart.

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Al-‘Aziz al-Hakim (The Exalted in Might, the All-Wise)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-‘Aziz al-Hakim is a pair of majestic names of Allah. Al-‘Aziz means The Exalted in Might, The Almighty, The Invincible. Al-Hakim means The All-Wise. Together, they describe a being whose absolute power is always exercised with perfect and profound wisdom.

Role in the Surah

This pair of attributes is used to frame the entire Surah. The chapter opens by stating that all that is in the heavens and earth exalts Allah, and He is “the Exalted in Might, the Wise.” The Surah then concludes with a long list of His beautiful names, again stating that He is “the Exalted in Might, the Wise.” (59:1, 24). This attribute is also given as the reason for the expulsion of the Banu an-Nadir; it was the decree of the All-Mighty, All-Wise.

Personality & Attributes

This archetype represents the **perfect balance of divine power and wisdom**. It is the quality that ensures that Allah’s might is never tyrannical, and His wisdom is never weak. Every command, every decree, and every act of judgment is a perfect product of both these attributes.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer must have firm conviction that all of Allah’s decrees, whether they seem easy or difficult, are a product of perfect might and perfect wisdom.
• Reflecting on these names should instill in the heart a sense of profound trust and awe for the Lord.
• The events of history, such as the defeat of the Banu an-Nadir, are not random, but are a direct manifestation of the will of the All-Mighty, All-Wise.

Supporting References

The placement of these names at the beginning and end of the Surah serves as a powerful inclusio, framing all the events and laws within the context of God’s perfect power and wisdom. It assures the believer that the victory of the Muslims and the defeat of their enemies were not a coincidence, but a direct result of the plan of the ‘Aziz, the Hakim.

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Al-Bari’ (The Inventor)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Bari’, The Inventor or The Maker, is one of the beautiful names of Allah. It refers to His unique creative power of bringing things into existence from non-existence in a perfect and flawless form, free from any defects. It follows the attribute of Al-Khaliq (The Creator) and precedes Al-Musawwir (The Fashioner).

Role in the Surah

This name is mentioned in the majestic concluding passage of the Surah, which lists some of Allah’s most beautiful names. “He is Allah, the Creator, the Inventor, the Fashioner; to Him belong the best names.” (Al-Hashr, 59:24).

Personality & Attributes

Al-Bari’ is the archetype of the **perfect and flawless producer**. It represents the stage of creation where a thing is brought into being, flawlessly and according to the perfect plan. It is a testament to the perfection of the divine creative process.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer should reflect on the perfection of creation around them and see in it a sign of the flawless power of Al-Bari’.
• The creation of the universe was not a haphazard process, but a perfect and deliberate act of invention by a masterful Creator.
• Calling upon Allah by His beautiful names is a noble act of worship that deepens one’s understanding of His majesty.

Supporting References

The sequence of the three creative names—Al-Khaliq, Al-Bari’, Al-Musawwir—is a point of deep reflection for scholars. Al-Khaliq is the one who determines and plans the creation. Al-Bari’ is the one who brings that plan into existence. And Al-Musawwir is the one who then gives it its unique and perfect form. Together, they describe the complete and masterful process of divine creation.

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Al-Fasiqin (The Transgressors)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Fasiqin, the transgressors or the defiantly disobedient, is the Qur’anic archetype for those who have knowingly and willfully strayed from the path of faith. Their state of *fisq* is a conscious rebellion against the commands of Allah and a breaking of their covenant.

Role in the Surah

This is the title given to the hypocrites who allied with the Banu an-Nadir. Their treachery and their false promises are the reason they are branded with this label. They are also the reason the Banu an-Nadir were emboldened in their own transgression. The Surah states that the hypocrites and their allies from the People of the Scripture will be together in the Fire, because they are a people who **”do not understand.”** (59:13-14). Their shared state is one of transgression.

Personality & Attributes

This archetype is characterized by **disobedience, treachery, and a lack of understanding**. They are the ones who have broken their covenant with God and His community. They are the core members of the “Party of Satan.”

Major Lessons & Morals

• Transgression and defiant disobedience are the defining characteristics of the Party of Satan.
• A believer must avoid all actions that would place them in the category of the *Fasiqin*.
• The ultimate cause of this transgression is a lack of true understanding and a failure to use one’s reason.

Supporting References

The Surah links the transgression of the hypocrites directly to the transgression of the disbelievers from the People of the Scripture. It shows them as two sides of the same coin, united in their opposition to Allah and His Messenger. Their shared fate is a testament to their shared spiritual disease.

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Al-Fay’ (The Spoils of War)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Fay’ refers to the spoils or booty that is acquired from an enemy without actual fighting, such as when an enemy surrenders or flees their land. This is distinct from *ghanimah*, which is spoils taken after a battle.

Role in the Surah

The Fay’ is the central subject of the legal ruling in the Surah. The wealth left behind by the Banu an-Nadir after their exile was a form of Fay’. The Surah establishes a crucial principle for its distribution. It does not belong to the soldiers who were present, but belongs to Allah and His Messenger, to be distributed among the needy. “And what Allah restored to His Messenger from them – you did not spur for it [in battle] any horses or camels, but Allah gives His messengers power over whom He wills.” (59:6).

Personality & Attributes

The Fay’ is the archetype of **divinely-granted provision and a test of social justice**. It is a clear and tangible blessing that comes directly from Allah’s victory, not from human effort. Its distribution is therefore a test of the community’s commitment to social equity.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The spoils of war that are gained without fighting are not the private property of the army, but are to be managed by the state for the benefit of the entire community.
• The purpose of this law is to ensure that wealth does not “circulate only among the rich among you.”
• This establishes a foundational principle of Islamic economics: the state has a responsibility to ensure a just distribution of wealth and to care for the most vulnerable members of society.

Supporting References

This ruling was a major socio-economic reform. It broke the pre-Islamic tradition where all spoils went to the strongest fighters. The Qur’an established a new, just system where this divinely-granted wealth was channeled to the poor Emigrants (Muhajirun), the needy, and the community at large, thus strengthening the social fabric of the nascent Muslim state.

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Al-Khaliq (The Creator)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Khaliq, The Creator, is one of the majestic names of Allah. It refers to His unique power of bringing things into existence from non-existence, and of planning and determining the measure of all things. It is the first of the three powerful creative names mentioned at the end of the Surah.

Role in the Surah

This name is mentioned in the grand finale of the Surah, which lists some of Allah’s most beautiful names. “He is Allah, the Creator, the Inventor, the Fashioner; to Him belong the best names.” (Al-Hashr, 59:24).

Personality & Attributes

Al-Khaliq is the archetype of **absolute, exclusive, and purposeful creative power**. He is the ultimate Planner and Originator of all that exists. The entire universe is a manifestation of His creative will.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer must have the firm conviction that Allah is the one and only Creator of all things.
• Reflecting on the creation is the most direct path to knowing the Creator.
• Calling upon Allah by His beautiful names is a noble act of worship that deepens one’s understanding of His majesty.

Supporting References

The sequence of the three creative names—Al-Khaliq, Al-Bari’, Al-Musawwir—is a point of deep reflection for scholars. Al-Khaliq is the one who determines and plans the creation. Al-Bari’ is the one who brings that plan into existence. And Al-Musawwir is the one who then gives it its unique and perfect form. Together, they describe the complete and masterful process of divine creation.

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Al-Malik al-Quddus (The King, the Pure One)

Brief Biography / Background

This is a pair of majestic names of Allah. Al-Malik means The King, The Sovereign. Al-Quddus means The Pure One, The Holy, the one who is absolutely free from any imperfection, defect, or fault.

Role in the Surah

These are the first two names mentioned in the detailed list of divine attributes at the end of the Surah. “He is Allah, other than whom there is no deity, the Sovereign, the Pure…” (Al-Hashr, 59:23). They establish the foundation of His absolute authority and His perfect nature.

Personality & Attributes

This pair of names represents the archetype of the **perfect and absolute Sovereign**. As Al-Malik, His authority is total and His dominion is complete. As Al-Quddus, His nature and His actions are absolutely pure and perfect, free from the injustice or flaws found in any earthly king.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer must recognize that true and perfect sovereignty belongs only to Allah.
• One should have a profound sense of reverence for Allah, recognizing His absolute purity and perfection.
• Reflecting on these names should instill in the heart a love for the perfect King and a desire to be a loyal subject in His kingdom.

Supporting References

The Qur’an consistently emphasizes that unlike human kings, who are fallible and often unjust, the divine King is absolutely pure and holy. His commands are pure, His laws are pure, and His essence is pure. This is a source of immense comfort, as it guarantees that the ultimate authority in the universe is perfectly just and good.

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Al-Muflihun (The Successful Ones)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Muflihun, the successful ones, are those who achieve true and lasting success. The Qur’an redefines success, moving it away from the worldly metrics of wealth and power to the ultimate victory of attaining the pleasure of Allah and inheriting Paradise.

Role in the Surah

This title is given to two groups in this Surah. First, to the Ansar, who are praised for their selflessness: “…And whoever is protected from the stinginess of his soul – it is those who are the successful.” (59:9). Second, it is the definitive title given to the Party of Allah: “Unquestionably, the party of Allah – they will be the successful.” (59:22).

Personality & Attributes

The Successful Ones are the archetype of the **holistically righteous and ultimately victorious believer**. They are characterized by their purity of heart (being free from stinginess) and their unwavering loyalty to Allah. Their success is a guaranteed promise from God.

Major Lessons & Morals

• True success (falah) has been clearly defined by Allah. It is found in purifying the soul from greed and in being a loyal member of the “Party of God.”
• Success is not just a future hope but a certain reality for Hizbullah.
• A successful life is one built upon the pillars of sincere faith, unwavering allegiance, and selfless generosity.

Supporting References

The term “falah” (success) in Arabic is comprehensive. It implies not just salvation from the Fire, but the attainment of all good, the fulfillment of all righteous desires, and an eternal state of thriving. The Surah provides a clear and practical roadmap for achieving this ultimate state of being.

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Al-Muhajirun (The Emigrants)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Muhajirun, the Emigrants, were the early Muslims of Makkah who were forced to leave their homes, families, and wealth behind due to intense persecution, migrating for the sake of Allah to find a safe haven in Madinah.

Role in the Surah

The Muhajirun are mentioned as the primary beneficiaries of the “Fay'” (the spoils from Banu an-Nadir). The Surah specifies that this wealth is for the **”poor emigrants who were expelled from their homes and their properties, seeking bounty from Allah and [His] approval and supporting Allah and His Messenger. It is those who are the truthful.”** (Al-Hashr, 59:8).

Personality & Attributes

The Muhajirun are the archetype of the **sincere, sacrificing, and truthful believer**. They are characterized by their willingness to give up everything for their faith. Their motivation was pure: seeking the “bounty and pleasure” of Allah. Their actions of sacrifice are presented as the ultimate proof of their truthfulness (sadaqah).

Major Lessons & Morals

• Sacrifice for the sake of Allah is the greatest proof of a person’s sincere faith.
• The act of Hijra (emigration for God’s cause) is a supreme act of faith that earns a special reward and a divine testimony of truthfulness.
• It is the responsibility of the Muslim community and its leadership to care for the poor and the refugees who have sacrificed for the sake of the faith.

Supporting References

This verse is a beautiful tribute to the Muhajirun. It is a divine testimony from Allah Himself, affirming their pure intentions and branding them as “As-Sadiqun” (The Truthful Ones). The distribution of the Fay’ to them was a practical and divine solution to their poverty and a direct reward for their immense sacrifice.

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Al-Muhaymin (The Overseer)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Muhaymin, The Overseer, The Guardian, or The Witness, is one of the majestic names of Allah. It signifies His role as the one who watches over, protects, and bears witness to all things. His observation is perfect and His control is absolute.

Role in the Surah

This name is mentioned in the majestic concluding passage of the Surah, which lists some of Allah’s most beautiful names. “He is Allah… the Giver of Security, the Overseer…” (Al-Hashr, 59:23).

Personality & Attributes

Al-Muhaymin is the archetype of **perfect and comprehensive guardianship**. He is the ultimate witness over all of creation. This name combines the meanings of protection, knowledge, and authority. He is the one who ensures that the universe runs according to His plan and who witnesses the deeds of all His servants.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer should find immense comfort and security in the knowledge that the universe is under the watchful eye and protection of Al-Muhaymin.
• This understanding should also instill a profound sense of God-consciousness, knowing that our every action is being witnessed by the ultimate Overseer.
• Calling upon Allah by this beautiful name is a noble act of worship that deepens one’s understanding of His majesty.

Supporting References

The Qur’an itself is also described as being “muhaymin” over the previous scriptures, meaning it is a guardian over them, confirming the original truth and correcting the alterations that had entered them. This shows that this attribute of divine oversight is a key aspect of both Allah’s relationship with creation and with His revelation.

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Al-Munafiqun (The Hypocrites)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Munafiqun, the Hypocrites, were a group of people in Madinah who outwardly professed Islam but inwardly harbored disbelief and enmity. They were a dangerous “fifth column” who secretly allied with the enemies of the Muslim community.

Role in the Surah

The Hypocrites are the subject of a detailed and damning exposé in this Surah. They are the ones who made a secret alliance with their “brothers who disbelieved” from the People of the Scripture (the Banu an-Nadir). They promised them: “‘If you are expelled, we will surely leave with you, and we will not obey anyone against you, ever; and if you are fought, we will surely aid you.’ But Allah testifies that they are liars.” (59:11).

Personality & Attributes

The Hypocrites are the archetype of the **treacherous, cowardly, and lying ally**. They are characterized by their false promises and their profound fear. The Surah states that the believers are a greater source of terror in their hearts than Allah. They are internally divided and only show bravery from behind their fortresses.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A key sign of hypocrisy is making secret alliances with the enemies of Islam.
• The promises of the hypocrites are empty and baseless; they will abandon their allies at the first sign of real danger.
• The hypocrites’ fear of people is greater than their fear of God, which is a sign of their lack of true faith.

Supporting References

The Surah compares them to Shaytan, who also makes a grand promise to his human ally but then abandons him at the critical moment, saying, “Indeed, I fear Allah.” This parallel shows that the methodology of the hypocrites is a direct reflection of the methodology of their true leader, the devil. Both are masters of the false promise and the final betrayal.

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Al-Musawwir (The Fashioner)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Musawwir, The Fashioner or The Shaper of Forms, is one of the beautiful names of Allah. It refers to His unique creative power of giving everything its specific and perfect form, shape, and appearance. It is the final stage in the divine creative process.

Role in the Surah

This name is mentioned in the majestic concluding passage of the Surah, which lists some of Allah’s most beautiful names. “He is Allah, the Creator, the Inventor, the Fashioner; to Him belong the best names.” (Al-Hashr, 59:24).

Personality & Attributes

Al-Musawwir is the archetype of the **perfect and masterful artist**. It represents the stage of creation where a thing is given its unique and beautiful form. From the intricate shape of a snowflake to the unique features of a human face, all are a manifestation of the artistry of Al-Musawwir.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer should reflect on the immense diversity and beauty of the forms in the world around them and see in it a sign of the masterful power of Al-Musawwir.
• The creation of the universe was not a haphazard process, but a perfect and deliberate act of artistry by a masterful Creator.
• Calling upon Allah by His beautiful names is a noble act of worship that deepens one’s understanding of His majesty.

Supporting References

The sequence of the three creative names—Al-Khaliq, Al-Bari’, Al-Musawwir—is a point of deep reflection for scholars. Al-Khaliq is the one who determines and plans the creation. Al-Bari’ is the one who brings that plan into existence. And Al-Musawwir is the one who then gives it its unique and perfect form. Together, they describe the complete and masterful process of divine creation.

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Al-Mutakabbir (The Supreme)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Mutakabbir, The Supreme or The Tremendous, is one of the majestic names of Allah. It signifies His absolute greatness, pride, and supremacy, to which no created being has any right. True pride and greatness belong only to Him.

Role in the Surah

This name is mentioned in the majestic concluding passage of the Surah, which lists some of Allah’s most beautiful names. “He is Allah… the Exalted in Might, the Compeller, the Supreme. Exalted is Allah above whatever they associate with Him.” (Al-Hashr, 59:23).

Personality & Attributes

Al-Mutakabbir is the archetype of **absolute and rightful supremacy**. It represents the reality that all greatness belongs to Allah. While arrogance (*kibr*) is the worst of sins for a created being, it is a perfect and fitting attribute for the Creator, as He is truly the greatest.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer must recognize that all greatness and pride belong to Allah alone.
• This understanding is the ultimate cure for personal arrogance. To be arrogant is to try to claim an attribute that belongs exclusively to God.
• Reflecting on this name should instill in the heart a profound sense of humility before the greatness of the Lord.

Supporting References

The verse concludes by stating that Allah is “exalted above whatever they associate with Him.” This directly links the attribute of Al-Mutakabbir to the refutation of shirk. The sin of polytheism is, in essence, a failure to recognize the unique and supreme greatness of the one, true God.

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The Ansar (The Helpers)

Brief Biography / Background

The Ansar were the believers from the city of Madinah who welcomed, sheltered, and supported the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and the Muhajirun (Emigrants) who had fled persecution in Makkah. They are celebrated in the Qur’an for their immense generosity and selflessness.

Role in the Surah

The Ansar are presented as the ultimate model of selfless brotherhood and the opposite of stinginess. Their psychological state and noble character are praised with the highest of honors. “And [also for] those who were settled in Madinah and [in] the faith before them. They love those who emigrated to them and find not any desire in their breasts for that which was given to the emigrants but give [them] preference over themselves, even though they are in poverty. And whoever is protected from the stinginess of his soul – it is those who are the successful.” (Al-Hashr, 59:9).

Personality & Attributes

The Ansar are the archetype of the **selfless, loving, and generous believer**. They are characterized by their profound love for their brothers in faith, their complete lack of envy, and their practice of *ithar*—preferring others over themselves even when they are in need. They are the ones who are truly “successful” (muflihun).

Major Lessons & Morals

• The highest form of brotherhood is to love your fellow believers and to prefer their needs over your own.
• A key to success is to be protected by Allah from the disease of stinginess and greed.
• A true and healthy community is one that is free from envy and is built on a foundation of mutual love and self-sacrifice.

Supporting References

Tafsir literature is filled with stories of the Ansar’s incredible generosity. When the spoils of war from the Banu an-Nadir were being distributed exclusively to the Muhajirun (to help them become financially independent), the Ansar did not feel the slightest resentment, a testament to the purity of their hearts described in this verse. Their example is the gold standard of Islamic brotherhood for all time.

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Ashab al-Jannah (The Companions of Paradise)

Brief Biography / Background

The Companions of Paradise are the righteous believers who are destined for an eternal life of bliss in the Hereafter. They are the ones who feared Allah and prepared for the Last Day. They are the members of the victorious Party of Allah.

Role in the Surah

Their state is presented as being fundamentally and eternally unequal to the state of the Companions of the Fire. “Not equal are the companions of the Fire and the companions of Paradise. The companions of Paradise – they are the attainers of success.” (Al-Hashr, 59:20).

Personality & Attributes

The Companions of Paradise are the archetype of **the successful, the saved, and the eternally blessed**. They are characterized by their ultimate victory. They are the “fa’izun,” the ones who have attained the ultimate prize and have succeeded in the great test of life.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The difference between the outcome of a life of faith and a life of disbelief is not a minor one; the two are not equal.
• True and ultimate success is the success of the Hereafter, the attainment of Paradise.
• A believer must live their life with the conviction of this fundamental inequality and strive with all their might to be among the Companions of Paradise.

Supporting References

This verse is a decisive and powerful statement that refutes any form of moral relativism. It makes it clear that the two paths and the two destinations are not comparable. The entire purpose of the Qur’an, as stated in the following verses, is to guide people to become the Companions of Paradise and to save them from becoming the Companions of the Fire.

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Ashab an-Nar (The Companions of the Fire)

Brief Biography / Background

The Companions of the Fire are those who, due to their disbelief, hypocrisy, and opposition to Allah, are destined for the abode of punishment in the Hereafter. They are the members of the losing Party of Satan.

Role in the Surah

Their state is presented as being fundamentally and eternally unequal to the state of the Companions of Paradise. “Not equal are the companions of the Fire and the companions of Paradise.” (Al-Hashr, 59:20). They are the ones who forgot Allah, so He made them forget themselves. They are the “defiantly disobedient” (fasiqun).

Personality & Attributes

The Companions of the Fire are the archetype of the **ultimate loser and the eternally punished**. They are characterized by their state of loss and their complete inequality with the successful believers. They are the ones who chose the path of transgression and must now face its consequences.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The punishments of the Hereafter are real and severe, and one should strive to avoid them at all costs.
• The path of the disbelievers and the hypocrites leads directly to becoming a companion of the Fire.
• A believer must have a firm conviction in the profound and eternal difference between the fates of the righteous and the wicked.

Supporting References

The verse “And be not like those who forgot Allah, so He made them forget themselves” is a profound psychological statement. It suggests that the punishment for forgetting God is a state of inner loss and confusion, a forgetting of one’s own true purpose and well-being. This inner state of loss in this life leads to the ultimate state of loss in the next, as a Companion of the Fire.

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The Breaker of Promises (Shaytan as archetype)

Brief Biography / Background

The Breaker of Promises is the archetype of the treacherous and deceptive ally who encourages others to rebel, promises them support, but then abandons them at the first sign of real danger. This is the defining methodology of Shaytan (Satan).

Role in the Surah

The actions of the hypocrites are directly compared to the actions of Shaytan through a powerful parable. “[Their promise] is like the custom of Satan when he says to man, ‘Disbelieve.’ But when he has disbelieved, he says, ‘Indeed, I am disassociated from you. Indeed, I fear Allah, the Lord of the worlds.'” (Al-Hashr, 59:16).

Personality & Attributes

This archetype is characterized by **deceit, cowardice, and ultimate betrayal**. He is a master of incitement, but a coward in confrontation. His “fear” of Allah is not a pious fear, but the selfish fear of a criminal who is trying to save his own skin after his co-conspirator has been caught.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The promises of the hypocrites and of Shaytan are completely baseless and will always be broken.
• A believer should never put their trust in the enemies of Allah, as they will inevitably be abandoned by them.
• The ultimate end for both the deceiver and the one who follows him is the Fire, a shared fate for their shared treachery.

Supporting References

This parable perfectly mirrors the actions of the hypocrites towards the Banu an-Nadir. The hypocrites promised to support them, encouraging them to defy the Prophet. But when the Muslim army actually besieged the fortress, the hypocrites did not lift a finger to help. Their action was exactly “like the custom of Satan.”

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The Disbelievers from the People of the Scripture

Brief Biography / Background

This refers specifically to the Jewish tribe of Banu an-Nadir in Madinah. They were a powerful and wealthy tribe who had a treaty with the Muslims, but they broke this treaty by plotting to assassinate the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

Role in the Surah

They are the primary antagonists in the historical narrative of the Surah. They are the ones who **”opposed Allah and His Messenger”** and were subsequently expelled from their homes and fortresses. Their misplaced confidence in their own strength and the false promises of their hypocrite allies are highlighted. Their ultimate fate was exile and the forfeiture of their properties as spoils (fay’) for the Muslim community.

Personality & Attributes

This group is the archetype of the **treacherous and covenant-breaking community**. They are characterized by their arrogance, their false sense of security in their fortresses, and their foolishness in trusting the promises of the hypocrites. They are also described as being internally divided: “You think they are together, but their hearts are diverse.”

Major Lessons & Morals

• The breaking of covenants and treaties is a grave sin with severe consequences.
• One should never place their trust in the promises of the hypocrites.
• Internal division and a lack of unity are a primary cause of weakness and defeat.

Supporting References

Their expulsion is described as the “first exile” or “first gathering” (awwal al-hashr). This event was a major turning point, a clear and tangible victory for the nascent Muslim state that was achieved not through a bloody battle, but through the direct intervention of Allah, who “cast terror into their hearts.”

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The Forgiving and Merciful (Allah’s attribute)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Ghafur (The All-Forgiving) and Ar-Rahim (The Especially Merciful) are two of the most frequently mentioned names of Allah in the Qur’an. They describe the divine attributes of boundless forgiveness for sins and an all-encompassing, tender mercy towards creation, particularly the believers.

Role in the Surah

This attribute is mentioned in the context of the later generations of believers. It is a sign of Allah’s mercy that He accepts the prayers of the newcomers for their predecessors. They pray, “Our Lord, forgive us and our brothers who preceded us in faith…” (59:10). The Surah concludes by affirming Allah’s absolute power and His other majestic names, but the underlying mercy is the basis for His forgiveness.

Personality & Attributes

As an archetype, Al-Ghafur ar-Rahim represents the **boundless hope and refuge** available to the sinner. It is the divine promise that sins can be wiped away through sincere repentance and supplication. It is the compassionate nature of the Lord who loves to forgive.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A key characteristic of a believer is to pray for the forgiveness of other believers, both living and dead.
• A believer should always have hope in the forgiveness and mercy of Allah.
• The unity of the Muslim Ummah is so strong that the prayers of the later generations can be a source of benefit for the earlier ones.

Supporting References

The prayer of the later generations is a model of perfect etiquette. Before asking anything for themselves, they ask for forgiveness for their brothers who came before them, and they ask Allah to remove any rancor from their hearts towards them. It is the ultimate expression of selfless, historical brotherhood.

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The Fortresses (Husun)

Brief Biography / Background

The Fortresses (Husun) were the fortified strongholds of the Banu an-Nadir tribe in the outskirts of Madinah. They were well-built and well-stocked, and were the primary source of their sense of security and power.

Role in the Surah

The Fortresses play the role of the ultimate symbol of false and failed security. The Banu an-Nadir were completely confident in their ability to withstand any attack. “They thought that their fortresses would protect them from Allah…” (Al-Hashr, 59:2). However, their role was to prove the opposite: that no physical structure can protect from the decree of Allah.

Personality & Attributes

The Fortresses are the archetype of **false security and worldly might**. They represent the human tendency to place trust in material defenses rather than in the protection of Allah. They are a symbol of the futility of all worldly power when it is arrayed against divine power.

Major Lessons & Morals

• True security is not found in physical fortresses, but in the fortress of faith in Allah.
• A believer should never be intimidated by the apparent strength and fortifications of the enemy.
• The story is a powerful lesson that Allah’s “attack” can come from an unexpected direction—not by destroying the walls from the outside, but by destroying the hearts on the inside.

Supporting References

The Surah masterfully deconstructs their sense of security. It states that “Allah came upon them from where they had not expected.” They expected a physical assault on their walls, but Allah’s assault was a spiritual one: He “cast terror into their hearts.” This internal collapse is what led to their swift defeat. It is a timeless lesson in the nature of true warfare.

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Hizb al-Shaytan (The Party of Satan)

Brief Biography / Background

Hizb al-Shaytan, the Party of Satan, is the Qur’anic term for the collective of all those—hypocrites, disbelievers, and the heedless—who have taken the devil as their ally, protector, and guide instead of Allah. They are defined by their allegiance to the sworn enemy of humanity.

Role in the Surah

The hypocrites are explicitly identified as being members of this party. After describing how Shaytan has overcome them and made them forget Allah, the Surah delivers a definitive and final verdict upon them: “Those are the party of Satan. Unquestionably, the party of Satan – they will be the losers.” (59:19, context from Al-Mujadilah, but directly applicable to the hypocrites described in Al-Hashr).

Personality & Attributes

The Party of Satan is the archetype of the **rebellious, the disobedient, and the ultimately losing side**. Their defining characteristic is their allegiance to the one who calls to the Fire. They are the ultimate “khasirun” (losers), who have lost both this world and the Hereafter.

Major Lessons & Morals

• There are only two parties in the ultimate sense: the party of Allah and the party of Satan. A believer must ensure they are in the former.
• The defining characteristic of the Party of Satan is that they have forgotten God and taken His enemies as allies.
• The absolute and certain end for the Party of Satan is complete and utter loss.

Supporting References

The Surah’s powerful and direct comparison of the two parties is a central theme. The Party of Satan is exemplified by the hypocrites and their treacherous promises. The Party of Allah is exemplified by the Muhajirun and the Ansar and their selfless sacrifice. The contrast could not be clearer.

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Hizbullah (The Party of Allah)

Brief Biography / Background

Hizbullah, the Party of Allah, is the Qur’anic term for the true believers, the righteous servants of God. Their defining characteristic is their complete and unwavering loyalty and allegiance to Allah, His Messenger, and the believing community.

Role in the Surah

The Party of Allah is presented as the ultimately victorious group. This title, while explicitly mentioned in the preceding Surah (Al-Mujadilah), is the clear identity of the believers—the Muhajirun and the Ansar—described in this Surah. They are the ones who “support Allah and His Messenger,” and are therefore the “truthful.” They are the ones who are selfless and who are protected from stinginess, and are therefore the “successful.”

Personality & Attributes

The Party of Allah is the archetype of the **sincere, loyal, and ultimately victorious community**. Their defining characteristic is their allegiance. They are the ones who love and support one another for the sake of God. They are the ultimate “muflihun” (the successful ones).

Major Lessons & Morals

• There are only two parties in the ultimate sense: the party of Allah and the party of Satan. A believer must ensure they are in the former.
• The defining characteristic of the Party of Allah is selfless brotherhood and unwavering support for the cause of Allah.
• The absolute and certain end for the Party of Allah is complete and eternal success.

Supporting References

The description of the Muhajirun and the Ansar in verses 8 and 9 is a practical and detailed definition of what it means to be in Hizbullah. It is a party built on sacrifice, love, selflessness, and a sincere desire for the pleasure of Allah. Their unity and brotherhood are what made them invincible.

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The Humble Mountain (metaphor)

Brief Biography / Background

The Humble Mountain is a powerful metaphor used to describe the immense and awe-inspiring power of the Qur’an. A mountain is the ultimate symbol of hardness, strength, and stability, yet even it would be unable to bear the weight of the divine word.

Role in the Surah

This metaphor is used to rebuke the hard-heartedness of man. The Surah presents a hypothetical scenario: “If We had sent down this Qur’an upon a mountain, you would have seen it humbled and coming apart from fear of Allah.” (Al-Hashr, 59:21). The role of the mountain is to be a model of a creation that is so in awe of its Lord that it would physically disintegrate from the power of His speech.

Personality & Attributes

The Humble Mountain is the archetype of **perfect, awe-inspired humility and submission**. It is characterized by its ability to recognize the majesty of the divine word and to respond with “khushu'” (humble submission). It is the ultimate model of a receptive heart.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The Qur’an is not a light or ordinary book; it is a weighty, powerful, and majestic revelation.
• A believer should approach the Qur’an with a sense of awe and humility, recognizing its immense power.
• If a hard, solid mountain would crumble from the fear of Allah, then the soft, fleshy heart of a human being should be even more receptive and humbled by His word.
• The fact that our hearts do not crumble is a mercy from Allah, who has made it possible for us to bear His word.

Supporting References

The verse concludes, “And these examples We present to the people that perhaps they will give thought.” This explicitly states the purpose of the metaphor. It is an invitation to deep reflection (tafakkur), a call for us to compare the hardness of our own hearts with the potential humility of a mountain, and to strive to make our hearts softer and more receptive than stone.

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The Later Generations of Believers

Brief Biography / Background

This archetype refers to all the generations of believers who come after the first pioneering generations of the Muhajirun (Emigrants) and the Ansar (Helpers). This includes all Muslims from that time until the Day of Judgment.

Role in the Surah

Their role is to be the inheritors of the legacy of the early Muslims, and their defining characteristic is their love for their predecessors and their prayer for them. “And [there is a share for] those who came after them, saying, ‘Our Lord, forgive us and our brothers who preceded us in faith and put not in our hearts [any] resentment toward those who have believed. Our Lord, indeed You are Kind and Merciful.'” (Al-Hashr, 59:10).

Personality & Attributes

The Later Generations are the archetype of the **loyal and loving inheritor**. They are characterized by their humility (recognizing the precedence of their brothers), their lack of envy (praying for no resentment), and their selfless supplication for those who came before. They are the ones who maintain the unity of the Ummah across time.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A key characteristic of a sincere believer is to have love and respect for the righteous predecessors of this Ummah.
• A believer should frequently pray for the forgiveness of their fellow believers, both living and dead.
• One must constantly work to purify their heart from any form of envy, rancor, or ill-feeling towards other believers.

Supporting References

This verse is a beautiful and profound lesson in the trans-generational brotherhood of Islam. It establishes a spiritual link between every generation of Muslims. It teaches us that our duty is not just to learn from the companions, but to actively pray for them and to strive to have the same purity of heart that they had towards each other. This prayer is a cornerstone of the Muslim identity.

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Linah (The Palm Trees)

Brief Biography / Background

Linah is a term for a specific type of fine and noble date-palm tree. During the siege of the Banu an-Nadir, the Muslim army, as a military tactic, began to cut down or burn some of their palm trees to put psychological pressure on them and to clear the field of battle.

Role in the Surah

The Palm Trees are the subject of a divine ruling that clarifies the ethics of this military action. The hypocrites had criticized this act, claiming it was a form of “corruption in the land.” Allah revealed a verse to clarify that this action was not done out of malice, but was a legitimate military strategy done by His permission. “Whatever you have cut down of [their] palm trees or left standing on their trunks – it was by permission of Allah and so He would disgrace the defiantly disobedient.” (Al-Hashr, 59:5).

Personality & Attributes

The Palm Trees are the archetype of a **resource that becomes an instrument in a divinely-sanctioned military campaign**. They represent the principle that in a state of war, actions that might otherwise be forbidden can become permissible if they are for a greater strategic purpose and are done by the command of Allah.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The laws of war in Islam are not arbitrary, but are governed by the permission and the decree of Allah.
• Military actions must have a clear and legitimate purpose, such as to “disgrace the transgressors” and to bring about their defeat, not for wanton destruction.
• A believer must have complete trust that the actions commanded by the Prophet are by the “permission of Allah.”

Supporting References

This verse established a key principle in Islamic jurisprudence regarding the rules of engagement. It shows that the ethics of warfare are not absolute in all cases, but are dependent on the specific circumstances and the commands of the legitimate authority acting under divine guidance.

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Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ)

Brief Biography / Background

Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) is the final messenger of Allah, to whom the Qur’an was revealed. Surah Al-Hashr was revealed in Madinah concerning his leadership during and after the expulsion of the Banu an-Nadir. It affirms his authority and praises the community he built.

Role in the Surah

He is the central figure and the leader of the believers. He is the one whom the Banu an-Nadir “opposed.” He is the one to whom Allah “restored” the spoils of war. His authority in distributing these spoils is absolute: “And whatever the Messenger has given you – take it; and whatever he has forbidden you – refrain from it.” (59:7). He is the leader of the “Party of Allah” that is destined for success.

Personality & Attributes

As the leader of the community, the Prophet ﷺ is the archetype of the **just ruler and the divinely-guided commander**. He is characterized by his wisdom, his justice in distributing the spoils, and his role as the ultimate authority in all matters. He is the one who embodies the principles that create the selfless brotherhood between the Muhajirun and the Ansar.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Obedience to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is an absolute and non-negotiable part of the Islamic faith.
• The Sunnah of the Prophet (his commands and prohibitions) is a primary source of law and guidance for the Muslim community.
• A true believing society is one that refers all its affairs to the just and wise judgment of the Messenger of Allah.

Supporting References

The verse, “And whatever the Messenger has given you – take it…”, while revealed in the context of the distribution of spoils, is understood by classical scholars to be a universal and foundational principle that applies to all of his commands and teachings. It is one of the most powerful verses in the Qur’an establishing the authority of the Sunnah.

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As-Salam al-Mu’min (The Source of Peace, the Giver of Security)

Brief Biography / Background

This is a pair of majestic names of Allah. As-Salam means The Source of Peace, The Flawless One. Al-Mu’min means The Giver of Faith, The Giver of Security, The One who affirms the truth of His messengers.

Role in the Surah

These are the names mentioned in the detailed list of divine attributes at the end of the Surah. “He is Allah… the Sovereign, the Pure, the Source of Peace, the Giver of Security…” (Al-Hashr, 59:23).

Personality & Attributes

This pair of names represents the archetype of the **ultimate source of all peace and security**. As As-Salam, He is the source of all peace, and His abode, Paradise, is the “Abode of Peace.” As Al-Mu’min, He is the one who gives the gift of “Iman” (faith) which is the source of “Amn” (security) in the heart of the believer.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer must recognize that all true peace and security, both worldly and spiritual, come from Allah alone.
• To find peace, one must turn to the Source of Peace. To find security, one must turn to the Giver of Security.
• Reflecting on these names should fill the heart of the believer with tranquility and trust in their Lord.

Supporting References

“As-Salam” is one of the most beloved names of God, so much so that it is the standard greeting among Muslims (“As-salamu ‘alaykum” – Peace be upon you). This is a direct reflection of this divine attribute, as the believers wish for each other the very peace that comes from its ultimate source, Allah.

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The Selfless Believer

Brief Biography / Background

The Selfless Believer is the archetype of the person who has reached the highest station of Islamic brotherhood. This is the individual who, despite being in need themselves, prefers to give to their brother or sister in faith. This noble quality is known as *ithar*.

Role in the Surah

This is the defining characteristic of the Ansar (The Helpers) of Madinah. The Surah praises their inner state with the highest of honors: “…but [they] give [the emigrants] preference over themselves, even though they are in poverty.” (Al-Hashr, 59:9).

Personality & Attributes

This archetype is characterized by **profound love, generosity, and self-sacrifice**. They have been completely purified from the disease of stinginess. Their love for their brothers in faith is so great that they find more joy in giving to them than in keeping for themselves. They are the ultimate model of a selfless and compassionate soul.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The highest form of brotherhood is to prefer others over yourself, even when you are in need.
• This quality of *ithar* is a sign of a pure heart and is a direct path to being counted among the “successful.”
• A believer should strive to cultivate this noble characteristic, as it is one of the most beloved to Allah.

Supporting References

The Seerah is filled with legendary stories of the Ansar’s *ithar*. They would offer to split their homes, their businesses, and their wealth with their Muhajirun brothers. This verse is a divine testimony to their unparalleled generosity and selflessness, establishing them as the gold standard of Islamic brotherhood for all time.

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Shaytan (Satan)

Brief Biography / Background

Shaytan (Satan) is the primary adversary of humanity, a rebellious Jinn whose mission is to mislead mankind from the path of Allah through whispers and, most dangerously, through false promises of support that he never intends to keep.

Role in the Surah

Shaytan’s methodology is presented in a powerful parable that directly mirrors the actions of the hypocrites. “[Their promise] is like the custom of Satan when he says to man, ‘Disbelieve.’ But when he has disbelieved, he says, ‘Indeed, I am disassociated from you. Indeed, I fear Allah, the Lord of the worlds.'” (Al-Hashr, 59:16). His role is to be the ultimate traitor, the one who incites rebellion and then abandons his followers at the critical moment.

Personality & Attributes

Shaytan is the archetype of the **deceiver, the coward, and the ultimate betrayer**. He is characterized by his empty promises and his profound treachery. His “fear” of Allah is not a pious fear, but the selfish fear of a criminal who is disassociating himself from his accomplice to save his own skin.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The promises of Shaytan are always lies designed to lead a person to ruin.
• A believer should never put their trust in the whispers or the allies of Shaytan, as they will inevitably be abandoned by them.
• The ultimate end for both the deceiver (Shaytan) and the one who follows him is the Fire, a shared fate for their shared treachery.

Supporting References

This parable is a devastating exposé of the relationship between the hypocrites and the Banu an-Nadir. The hypocrites, like Shaytan, promised their support, encouraging the Banu an-Nadir to defy the Prophet. But when the moment of truth came, they abandoned them completely. The Surah shows that the methodology of the hypocrite is nothing but a direct imitation of the methodology of the devil.

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The Sincere Believers (who aided Allah and His Messenger)

Brief Biography / Background

The Sincere Believers are the archetype of the truthful and sacrificing followers of Islam. In this Surah, this title is specifically given to the Muhajirun (The Emigrants).

Role in the Surah

Their sincerity is proven by their actions. They are the ones who were expelled from their homes and lost all their property, yet their primary motivation remained the seeking of Allah’s bounty and pleasure. Their defining action is that they **”support Allah and His Messenger.”** Because of this, Allah Himself gives them the ultimate testimony of their inner state: **”It is those who are the truthful (as-sadiqun).”** (Al-Hashr, 59:8).

Personality & Attributes

This archetype is characterized by its **sincerity, its willingness to sacrifice, and its profound loyalty**. They are the “truthful” ones, whose actions are a perfect and undeniable proof of their inner conviction. Their support for the cause is unwavering, even at the cost of everything they own.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The greatest proof of a person’s sincere faith is their willingness to sacrifice for and to actively support the cause of Allah and His Messenger.
• The station of the “Siddiqin” (the most truthful) is earned through such acts of immense sacrifice.
• A believer’s ultimate goal should not be worldly gain, but the seeking of the “bounty and pleasure” of Allah.

Supporting References

This verse is a divine certificate of honor for the Muhajirun. At a time when their sincerity was being tested with poverty and exile, this verse was revealed to confirm their high status and to declare them, from above the seven heavens, to be the very embodiment of truthfulness. It is one of the greatest praises for any group of people in the entire Qur’an.