Table Of Contents

Comprehensive Glossary & Vocabulary Guide For Surah Al-Mulk

Delve into the profound meanings of Surah Al-Mulk, “The Dominion,” with this comprehensive dictionary, glossary and vocabulary guide. This resource provides a deep linguistic and theological analysis of the key Arabic words that form this powerful chapter on God’s absolute sovereignty. By exploring the surah’s arguments from the perfection of creation, its solemn warnings of the Hereafter, and its challenges to human perception, readers can gain a richer understanding of this surah’s core themes. Discover the meanings of terms like Al-Mulk (The Dominion), Tabāraka (Blessed is He), and māʾin maʿīn (flowing water) to unlock the full depth of Surah Al-Mulk’s message on the majesty of the Creator and the purpose of life.

Each entry goes beyond simple translation, offering:

Etymology & Root Word Analysis – tracing the origin and linguistic foundation of each term.

Morphology – exploring grammatical patterns and word structures.

Extended Semantic Range – uncovering shades of meaning and contextual depth.

Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an – showing where and how frequently the term appears in Surah Al-Mulk and elsewhere in the Qur’an.

Exegesis (Tafsir) – connecting classical scholarly interpretations for richer understanding.

Thematic Context – placing words within the broader themes and structure of Surah Al-Mulk.

Modern & Comparative Lens – highlighting cross-cultural, linguistic, and contemporary insights.

Practical Reflection & Application – drawing lessons relevant to daily life and spirituality.

1. A-amintum man fī l-samāʾ (أَأَمِنتُم مَّن فِي السَّمَاءِ) – Do you feel secure from He who is in the heaven?

Linguistic Root & Etymology

This is a rhetorical question. A-amintum means “Do you feel safe/secure?” Man fī l-samāʾ means “He who is in the heaven.” The root for security is A-M-N.

• Arabic Root: أ-م-ن
• Morphology: `A-amintum` (أَأَمِنتُم) is a rhetorical question with a perfect tense verb.
• Extended Semantic Range: The root signifies safety (`amn`), security, and faith (`īmān`). The question challenges the listener’s false sense of `amn` (security) from the physical world, reminding them that true `amn` only comes from God.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears twice in this surah. The root is extremely common (over 870 times).

This is a sharp, terrifying question posed to those who are heedless of God’s power. It asks: How can you feel safe from the One who has absolute power over the very earth beneath your feet and the sky above your head? He could cause the earth to swallow you or send a storm of stones upon you at any moment. Your sense of security is a complete delusion.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:16-17), this is a sharp and terrifying question posed to those who are heedless of God’s power. The commentators explain that “He who is in the heaven” is a reference to God, described in a way that emphasizes His loftiness and authority. The question is a powerful rebuke to those who feel secure in their disbelief. It asks: How can you feel safe from the One who has absolute power over the very earth beneath your feet and the sky above your head? He could cause the earth to swallow you or send a storm of stones upon you at any moment. Your sense of security is a complete delusion.

Thematic Context

This connects to the surah’s central theme of God’s absolute power and dominion (mulk). The surah consistently works to dismantle the arrogant self-sufficiency of the human being. This verse is a direct attack on our false sense of physical security. The theme is that true security (amn) is not found in the stability of the earth, but only in a right relationship with the One who has the power to command the earth.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The human sense of “ontological security”—the feeling that the world is a stable and predictable place—is a fundamental psychological need. This verse is a powerful deconstruction of this. It is a reminder of the radical contingency of our existence. Modern science, with its understanding of natural disasters like earthquakes and asteroid impacts, has only served to underscore the physical fragility of our existence on this planet. The verse gives this fragility a profound theological meaning.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a powerful cure for heedlessness (ghaflah). The practical application is to live with a healthy sense of awe and a recognition of our own vulnerability. We should not take our physical safety for granted. Every morning we wake up and the earth is still stable beneath us is a mercy from God. This reflection should lead us to a state of profound gratitude and a deeper reliance on the only true source of security.

2. ʿAdhāb al-saʿīr (عَذَابَ السَّعِيرِ) – The punishment of the Blaze

Linguistic Root & Etymology

ʿAdhāb is punishment. Al-Saʿīr (root: S-ʿ-R) means a blazing or raging fire. It is one of the names of Hell, emphasizing its intense heat.

• Arabic Root: س-ع-ر
• Morphology: `Al-Saʿīr` (السَّعِير) is a noun for a blazing fire.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears once in this surah, and the word `saʿīr` appears a total of 16 times in the Qur’an.

This is the punishment prepared for the devils and those who follow them. The surah states that the shooting stars are used to drive away the devils, `wa aʿtadnā lahum ʿadhāba-s-saʿīr` (“and We have prepared for them the punishment of the Blaze”). The inhabitants of Hell later confess they are among the `aṣḥāb as-saʿīr` (“companions of the Blaze”).

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:5), after mentioning that the stars are used as “missiles for the devils,” the verse states, “and We have prepared for them the punishment of the Blaze.” The commentators explain that this is the ultimate fate that awaits the rebellious devils and, by extension, those who follow them. The surah later describes the disbelievers’ confession that had they listened or used their reason, they would not be among the “companions of the Blaze” (aṣḥāb al-saʿīr). The punishment is a direct and fitting consequence of their disbelief.

Thematic Context

This connects to the surah’s central theme of the consequences of disbelief. The surah is a powerful warning (nadhīr). The “punishment of the Blaze” is the ultimate content of that warning. The surah contrasts the perfect and beautiful creation of the heavens with the terrible and fiery destination of those who deny the Creator. The theme is one of a clear and stark choice with profound and eternal consequences.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The imagery of a “blazing fire” as the ultimate punishment is a powerful eschatological archetype in the Abrahamic traditions. The Qur’an uses this visceral and terrifying image to convey the sheer horror of the state of being cut off from God’s mercy. It is the ultimate symbol of pain, destruction, and regret.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a solemn reminder that should motivate us to seek the path of salvation. The practical application is to live a life of faith and reason, so that we are not among the “companions of the Blaze.” We should take the warnings of the Qur’an with the utmost seriousness and constantly seek refuge in God’s mercy from this terrible fate. This is the essence of taqwā.

3. Aḥsanu ʿamalā (أَحْسَنُ عَمَلًا) – Best in deeds

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Aḥsan is “best.” ʿAmalā is “in deeds” or “in action.”

• Arabic Root (aḥsan): ح-س-ن
• Arabic Root (ʿamalā): ع-م-ل
• Morphology: `Aḥsan` (أَحْسَن) is a superlative adjective. `ʿAmalā` (عَمَلاً) is a verbal noun used as a specifier.
• Extended Semantic Range: `Iḥsān` (from the root Ḥ-S-N) is the state of excellence in worship, “to worship Allah as if you see Him.” The test is not about *who does the most* deeds, but *who does the best* deeds, which implies both sincerity and correctness.

This phrase defines the purpose of life and death. God created them `li-yabluwakum ayyukum aḥsanu ʿamalā` (“to test you [as to] which of you is best in deed”). The entire worldly existence is a test, and the criterion for success is the quality (`aḥsan`), not the quantity, of one’s actions.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:2), the surah states the very purpose of the creation of life and death. “[He] who created death and life to test you [as to] which of you is best in deed.” The commentators explain that the purpose of our entire existence is this “test” (libluwakum). The criterion for success in this test is not who is most in wealth or in power, but who is “best in deed.” “Best” has been explained as being both the most sincere in intention and the most correct in following the divine guidance. It is a measure of quality, not just quantity.

Thematic Context

This is a foundational theme of the surah and of the entire Qur’anic worldview. The surah is a call to reflect on the creation, and this verse provides the ultimate “why” behind that creation. The theme is that life is a purposeful and merit-based test. We have been placed on this earth to demonstrate our worthiness through the quality of our actions. This gives our lives a profound and ultimate meaning.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The question of the “purpose of life” is the central question of all philosophy and religion. This verse provides a clear and powerful answer. The purpose is a moral and a spiritual one: to strive for “excellence in action.” This is a deeply empowering and ethical worldview. It suggests that our value is not in our status or our possessions, but in the moral quality of our choices and our deeds.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse should be our ultimate life’s mission statement. The practical application is to strive for “excellence” in all that we do. In our worship, in our work, in our character, and in our relationships, we should not be content with the minimum. We should constantly ask ourselves, “How can I make this deed ‘better’ and more pleasing to my Lord?” This is the path to succeeding in the great “test” of life.

4. ʿAlīmun bi-dhāti al-ṣudūr (عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ) – The Knower of what is in the chests

Linguistic Root & Etymology

ʿAlīm is The All-Knowing. Bi-dhāti al-ṣudūr means “of the essence of the chests,” i.e., the innermost secrets of the hearts.

• Arabic Root (ʿAlīm): ع-ل-م
• Arabic Root (ṣudūr): ص-د-ر
• Morphology: This is a divine attribute. `Dhāt` (ذَات) is the “essence” or “inner reality.” `Aṣ-Ṣudūr` (الصُّدُور) is the plural of `ṣadr` (chest).
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears once in this surah. It is a recurring theme in the Qur’an.

The surah challenges, `wa asirrū qawlakum awi-jharū bih, innahu ʿalīmun bi-dhāti-ṣ-ṣudūr` (“And conceal your speech or publicize it; indeed, He is All-Knowing of what is within the chests”). This establishes God’s perfect knowledge. It is futile to hide one’s thoughts or intentions, as He knows not just the speech, but the very essence of what is hidden in the heart.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:13), after the command to “conceal your speech or publicize it,” this profound statement is made. “Indeed, He is All-Knowing of what is in the chests.” The commentators explain that this is a statement of God’s perfect and intimate knowledge. It makes no difference whether we speak our thoughts aloud or keep them hidden in the deepest recesses of our hearts (“the chests”). God is equally and perfectly aware of them. His knowledge is not limited to our outward actions; it penetrates to our most secret intentions.

Thematic Context

This connects to the surah’s central theme of God’s comprehensive and inescapable knowledge, which is the basis for His perfect judgment. The surah is a call to a sincere and authentic faith, and a warning against hypocrisy. This verse is a key part of that argument. The theme is that because God is the “Knower of the secrets of the hearts,” all attempts at concealment are useless. The only rational path is one of complete and sincere integrity, both in public and in private.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of divine omniscience that includes the inner thoughts and intentions of individuals is a key feature of the Abrahamic faiths. This Qur’anic phrase is a particularly beautiful and powerful expression of this. In a modern psychological context, it is a statement that our “inner world” of thoughts and intentions is a real and consequential reality, a reality that is perfectly known to the Creator.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is the foundation of the spiritual state of murāqabah—the constant consciousness that God is aware of us. The practical application is to be as concerned with the purity of our inner world as we are with the correctness of our outer actions. We should strive to purify our intentions, to guard our hearts from evil thoughts, and to fill our “chests” with sincerity, love, and a reverential awe of the One who is “All-Knowing” of their contents.

5. Anshaʾakum (أَنشَأَكُمْ) – He has produced you

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is N-SH-ʾ (ن-ش-أ), which means to bring into being, to originate, or to make something grow. The verb anshaʾakum means “He has brought you into being” or “He has produced you.”

• Arabic Root: ن-ش-أ
• Morphology: `Ansha’akum` (أَنشَأَكُمْ) is a Form IV perfect tense verb.
• Extended Semantic Range: The verb `ansha’a` implies originating something new or bringing it up from a nascent state. It is used for the beginning of creation.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The verb appears once in this surah. The root is common (over 30 times).

`Qul huwa-lladhī ansha’akum` (“Say, ‘It is He who has produced you…'”). This is a call to reflect on our origin from non-existence. The act of being `ansha’a` (brought into being) and then gifted with faculties like hearing and sight is presented as a fundamental proof of God’s creative power and a reason for gratitude.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:23), the surah makes a direct appeal to the human being. “Say, ‘It is He who has produced you and made for you hearing and vision and hearts; little are you grateful.'” The commentators explain that this is another of the surah’s powerful arguments from creation. The verb “produced” is used to emphasize the act of bringing humanity into existence from a state of non-existence. The verse then immediately highlights the specific, magnificent gifts that are the tools of knowledge—hearing, sight, and the intellect—and then rebukes mankind for its lack of gratitude for these very tools.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of creation as a sign that should lead to gratitude. The surah is a sustained argument against ingratitude (kufr). This verse is a direct and personal appeal. The theme is that a proper reflection on our own “production” and the magnificent faculties we have been given should logically and naturally lead to a state of profound gratitude. The failure to be grateful is a sign of a deep spiritual blindness.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The human sensory and cognitive faculties are a source of endless wonder for modern science. The complexity of the eye, the ear, and the human brain (the “heart”) is staggering. This verse is a powerful call to see these faculties not as the products of a blind, evolutionary chance, but as the deliberate and magnificent gifts of a wise creator. It is a call to a science that is coupled with a sense of awe and gratitude.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a powerful and direct call to gratitude. The practical application is to be mindful and thankful for the incredible gifts of our hearing, our sight, and our minds. We should show our gratitude not just with our tongues, but by using these faculties for the purpose for which they were created: to “hear” the truth, to “see” the signs of God, and to use our “hearts” to understand and to love our Creator.

6. Al-Arḍa dhalūlan (الْأَرْضَ ذَلُولًا) – The earth subservient

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Al-Arḍ is the earth. Dhalūl (root: DH-L-L) is an intensive form meaning that which is tamed, docile, or completely subservient.

• Arabic Root: ذ-ل-ل
• Morphology: `Dhalūl` (ذَلُول) is an intensive adjective on the `faʿūl` pattern.
• Extended Semantic Range: `Dhallala` means to tame or make something submissive. An animal that is `dhalūl` is one that is broken in and easy to ride. The earth being `dhalūl` means it has been made perfectly manageable and habitable for us.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears once in this surah. The root is common (over 40 times).

`Huwa-lladhī jaʿala lakumu-l-arḍa dhalūlā` (“It is He who made the earth subservient for you…”). This highlights a great mercy: the planet is not hostile but has been “tamed” for us, allowing us to walk its paths (`manākibihā`) and eat from its provision.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:15), a magnificent sign of God’s mercy is described. “It is He who made the earth subservient to you, so walk among its regions and eat of His provision.” The commentators explain that this is a statement of a great and often overlooked blessing. The earth has been made “subservient” for us. It is not wild and untamable. Its soil is soft enough to be tilled, its paths are open to be walked upon, and its resources are accessible for us to use. This “tamed” nature of our planet is a direct and deliberate act of divine grace to make our lives possible.

Thematic Context

This connects to the surah’s theme of the signs of God’s creative power and benevolent design. The surah is a call to see the divine hand in the world around us. The “subservient” nature of the earth is a primary proof of a creator who has designed this planet specifically for life. The theme is that we should respond to this blessing with the two actions commanded in the verse: to strive for our livelihood (“walk among its regions”) and to be grateful for the outcome (“eat of His provision”).

Modern & Comparative Lens

The scientific concept of the “habitable planet” or the “Goldilocks principle” affirms that the Earth’s conditions are exquisitely fine-tuned to support life. This scientific reality is a powerful modern commentary on the Qur’anic concept of the earth as a “dhalūl.” The verse encourages an ecological consciousness, an appreciation for the delicate and perfectly balanced systems that make our planet a comfortable “cradle” for life.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse should change the way we see the very ground beneath our feet. We should see it not as a dead and inert thing, but as a “subservient” creation that is facilitating our life by God’s command. The practical application is to live upon the earth with a sense of gratitude and responsibility. We should “walk among its regions” to seek our lawful provision, and we should “eat of His provision” with a thankful heart, recognizing the great blessing of having a planet that has been made our tamed and beautiful home.

7. Asirrū qawlakum (أَسِرُّوا قَوْلَكُمْ) – Conceal your speech

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Asirrū is a command to conceal or to keep something secret. Qawlakum is “your speech.”

• Arabic Root (asirrū): س-ر-ر
• Arabic Root (qawlakum): ق-و-ل
• Morphology: `Asirrū` (أَسِرُّوا) is a Form IV plural imperative verb.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The command appears once in this surah.

This phrase is part of a challenge: `wa asirrū qawlakum awi-jharū bih` (“And conceal your speech or publicize it…”). It makes no difference, because God knows both equally. This establishes the futility of hiding one’s true beliefs or intentions from God.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:13), a direct and powerful challenge is issued. “And conceal your speech or publicize it; indeed, He is All-Knowing of that within the chests.” The commentators explain that this is a statement of the absolute and perfect nature of God’s knowledge. It makes no difference whether a person speaks their disbelief in secret or shouts it from the rooftops. It is all the same to God, because His knowledge is not limited to hearing our words; He is aware of the very secrets that are hidden in our hearts. The verse is a powerful statement of the futility of trying to hide anything from God.

Thematic Context

This connects to the surah’s central theme of God’s all-encompassing knowledge, which is the basis for His perfect judgment. The surah is a call to a sincere and authentic faith, and a warning against hypocrisy. This verse is a key part of that argument. The theme is that because God is the “Knower of the secrets of the hearts,” all attempts at concealment are useless. The only rational path is one of complete and sincere integrity, both in public and in private.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The distinction between one’s “public” and “private” self is a central theme in psychology and sociology. This verse is a theological statement that, in relation to God, this distinction is meaningless. It is a radical call to a life of complete transparency before the Divine. It suggests that true spiritual health is a state where there is no contradiction between what is concealed and what is declared.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a powerful motivator for sincerity and a cure for hypocrisy. The practical application is to strive for a state where we would not be ashamed if our most secret thoughts were made public, because they are in harmony with our public declarations. It is a call to purify our inner speech and our secret intentions, with the full and certain awareness that they are as clear as day to the Knower of the unseen.

8. Baṣar (الْبَصَر) – The sight

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is B-Ṣ-R. Al-Baṣar refers to the faculty of sight or vision.

• Arabic Root: ب-ص-ر
• Morphology: `Al-Baṣar` (الْبَصَر) is a verbal noun.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears twice in this surah. The root is very common (over 140 times).

The surah challenges the observer to use their `baṣar` to find any flaw in the heavens. `Farjiʿi-l-baṣara hal tarā min fuṭūr` (“Then return [your] vision, do you see any flaw?”). The verse concludes that after repeated attempts, the `baṣar` will return humbled and weary, defeated by the perfection of the creation.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the great challenge in Surah Al-Mulk (67:3-4), after calling the listener to look for a flaw in the creation, the surah says, “Then return [your] vision twice again; the vision will return to you humbled while it is weary.” The commentators explain that this is a direct and confident challenge to the skeptic. No matter how many times a person examines the creation with their “vision,” they will never find a flaw or a contradiction. Their “vision” will eventually give up, exhausted and humbled by the sheer perfection of the divine artistry. The perfection of the creation is a direct proof of the perfection of the Creator.

Thematic Context

This connects to the central theme of the surah: the perfection of God’s creation as a proof of His dominion and His power to resurrect. The surah is a call to an active and engaged “seeing.” It is not a call to a blind faith, but to a faith that is based on a deep and repeated observation of the universe. The theme is that a sincere and persistent use of our “vision” will inevitably lead to a state of humble submission.

Modern & Comparative Lens

This is a powerful and ancient endorsement of the empirical method. The verse is essentially saying: “Look, and then look again. Test the creation with your sight.” This is the very essence of the scientific process. The verse is confident that the more we study the universe, the more its perfection and its intricate order will become apparent. Modern science, with its powerful instruments, has only served to confirm the stunning and flawless complexity of the cosmos, from the macro to the micro level.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a call to use the gift of our “sight” as a tool for worship. The practical application is to be active observers of the world around us. We should not just glance at things, but we should “return our vision” to them, reflecting on their intricate design and their perfect function. This practice of deep and mindful “seeing” is a direct path to strengthening our faith and to humbling our hearts before the greatness of our Lord.

9. Fawjun (فَوْجٌ) – A group

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is F-W-J. A fawj is a group, a troop, or a company of people.

• Arabic Root: ف-و-ج
• Morphology: `Fawj` (فَوْج) is a noun.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root appears 5 times.

`Kullamā ulqiya fīhā fawjun…` (“Every time a group is thrown into it…”). This describes the people of Hell being cast into the Fire in successive groups or waves. The dialogue between the keepers and each `fawj` emphasizes the judicial nature of their entry into the punishment.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the description of Hell in Surah Al-Mulk (67:8), the surah says, “Every time a group (fawjun) is thrown into it, its keepers will ask them, ‘Did a warner not come to you?'” The commentators explain that the people of Hell will be cast into the Fire not as a single, chaotic mob, but in “groups” or “waves.” The dialogue between the keepers and each “group” is a key part of their torment. It is a formal process of interrogation that forces them to admit their own guilt and to recognize the justice of their punishment.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of the justice and the orderliness of the Day of Judgment. Even the process of entering Hell is not a chaotic one. The use of the word “fawj” and the description of the dialogue shows that it is a formal and judicial process. The theme is one of absolute accountability. Every single “group” will be forced to confront the reason for their damnation: their rejection of the “warner” who came to them.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The image of people being judged in “groups” is a powerful one. It suggests a form of collective accountability. While each individual is responsible for their own deeds, we are also members of communities, and the shared choices of those communities have consequences. This is a powerful reminder of our social and collective responsibility.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a profound and sobering warning. We should strive to be in the “group” of the righteous on that Day, not the “group” of the deniers. The practical application is to be a part of a righteous community in this life. We should keep the company of the believers, we should support each other in doing good, and we should work together to create a community that is worthy of being welcomed into Paradise, not thrown as a “group” into the Fire.

10. Fuṭūr (فُطُور) – Any flaw

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is F-Ṭ-R, which means to split or to cleave. Fuṭūr is a noun meaning a crack, a fissure, a flaw, or an imperfection.

• Arabic Root: ف-ط-ر
• Morphology: `Fuṭūr` (فُطُور) is the plural of `faṭr`.
• Extended Semantic Range: From this root comes `Fāṭir` (The Originator/Creator) and `infaṭarat` (it is split asunder, describing the sky on the Day of Judgment). The challenge here is to find any `fuṭūr` in the creation *before* that final day.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root is common (20 times).

The surah challenges humanity to look at the sky and asks, `hal tarā min fuṭūr` (“do you see any flaw?”). The challenge is to find any crack, gap, or imperfection in the seamless and perfect construction of the cosmos. The inability to do so is a proof of the perfection of the Creator.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the great challenge to the skeptic in Surah Al-Mulk (67:3), God says, “…So return [your] vision [to the sky]; do you see any flaw?” The commentators explain that this is a direct and confident challenge. God is commanding the human being to scrutinize the creation of the heavens and to try to find even a single “flaw” or “crack” in its perfect and seamless construction. The verse asserts that this search will be completely futile, as the creation is a flawless testament to the perfection of its Creator.

Thematic Context

This is a central part of the surah’s argument from design. The theme is that the perfection of the creation is the ultimate proof of the perfection of the Creator. The surah is a call to a faith that is based on the observation of this perfection. The challenge to find a “flaw” is a rhetorical one, designed to lead any sincere observer to the inevitable conclusion that such a flawless creation must have a single, all-powerful, and all-wise Creator.

Modern & Comparative Lens

This is a powerful and ancient endorsement of the empirical method. The verse is essentially saying: “Look, and look again. Test the creation with your sight.” This is the very essence of the scientific process. The verse is confident that the more we study the universe, the more its perfection and its intricate, “flawless” order will become apparent. The profound and seamless consistency of the laws of physics across the entire observable universe is a modern testament to this ancient challenge.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse encourages us to look at the world around us with an eye that is searching for the signs of perfection, not just the apparent imperfections. The practical application is to cultivate a sense of wonder and appreciation for the intricate and “flawless” design that is all around us, from the orbit of the planets to the structure of a snowflake. This practice of seeing the perfection in the creation is a direct path to strengthening our faith in the perfection of the Creator.

11. Ghurūr (غُرُور) – Delusion

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is GH-R-R, which means to deceive. Ghurūr is a delusion, a deception, or that which deceives.

• Arabic Root: غ-ر-ر
• Morphology: `Ghurūr` (غُرُور) is a verbal noun.
• Extended Semantic Range: `Al-Gharūr` (The Great Deceiver) is a name for Satan. The worldly life is described as `matāʿ al-ghurūr` (the enjoyment of delusion).
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root appears 27 times.

`In-il-kāfirūna illā fī ghurūr` (“The disbelievers are not but in delusion”). This is the divine diagnosis of their state. Their reliance on anyone other than God for help or provision is a complete `ghurūr`—a self-deception that prevents them from seeing reality.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:20), after challenging the disbelievers to name the “army” that can help them, the surah gives the divine diagnosis of their state: “The disbelievers are not but in delusion.” The commentators explain that the disbelievers’ entire sense of security and their reliance on their false gods or on their own power is a complete and utter “delusion.” They are living in a fantasy world, completely out of touch with the true reality of their own weakness and their dependence on God. Satan is also called “the great deceiver” (al-gharūr) because his entire mission is to trap humanity in this state of “delusion.”

Thematic Context

This connects to the surah’s theme of knowledge versus ignorance, and reality versus delusion. The surah presents the believers as those who are grounded in the ultimate reality. The disbelievers, by contrast, are portrayed as being adrift in a state of profound “delusion.” The theme is that disbelief is not an intellectual position, but a psychological and spiritual state of being deceived.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of “delusion” is a key one in modern psychology, referring to a fixed, false belief that is resistant to all evidence. This verse is a profound and ancient diagnosis of the spiritual state of the arrogant denier as being one of “delusion.” It is a powerful critique of any worldview that is not grounded in the ultimate reality of the Creator, framing it not as a philosophy, but as a form of collective self-deception.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a powerful warning to be on guard against all forms of “delusion.” The practical application is to constantly ground our own worldview in the clear and certain truths of the divine revelation. We must be vigilant against the “delusions” of our own ego, the “delusions” of a materialistic culture, and the “delusions” whispered by Satan. We should constantly pray to God to protect us from delusion and to show us reality as it truly is.

12. Ḥasīr (حَسِيرٌ) – Weary

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is Ḥ-S-R, which means to be weary, fatigued, or exhausted. Ḥasīr is an adjective meaning weary or worn out.

• Arabic Root: ح-س-ر
• Morphology: `Ḥasīr` (حَسِير) is an adjective on the `faʿīl` pattern.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root appears 13 times.

After challenging the observer to look again and again for a flaw in the creation, the verse concludes that the sight will return `khāsi’an wa huwa ḥasīr` (“humbled and weary”). The `baṣar` (vision) becomes exhausted and gives up its futile search, overwhelmed by the perfection it witnesses.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the great challenge in Surah Al-Mulk (67:4), this is the state in which the human vision will return after its futile search for a flaw in the creation. “the vision will return to you humbled while it is weary.” The commentators explain that the human faculty of sight, no matter how sharp or how persistent, will be utterly defeated and “humbled” by the sheer perfection of the divine creation. It will have to return and to admit that it could not find a single imperfection. It is a state of complete intellectual and perceptual surrender.

Thematic Context

This connects to the central theme of the surah: the perfection of God’s creation as a proof of His majesty. The theme is that the evidence is so overwhelming that it will “exhaust” any sincere attempt to refute it. The “weariness” of the sight is a sign of its defeat. It is a powerful and beautiful image of the human faculty of perception being humbled into submission by the sheer perfection of the divine artistry.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The feeling of “weariness” or “awe-inspired exhaustion” in the face of the vastness of the cosmos is a common experience for astronomers and physicists. The more we learn about the universe, the more we are humbled by its scale and its complexity. This verse is a profound and ancient description of this very state. It is a call to an intellectual and spiritual journey that culminates not in pride, but in a state of humble and “weary” awe.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse encourages us to engage in a deep and persistent reflection on the signs of God. The practical application is to not just take a fleeting glance at the creation, but to truly study it and to ponder its wonders. We should reflect on the creation with such depth that our own intellects become “weary” and “humbled,” leading us to a state of profound and sincere submission to the Creator who fashioned it all.

13. Ḥāṣiban (حَاصِبًا) – A storm of stones

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is Ḥ-Ṣ-B, which refers to pebbles or gravel. A ḥāṣib is a violent storm that carries and rains down stones or gravel.

• Arabic Root: ح-ص-ب
• Morphology: `Ḥāṣib` (حَاصِب) is an active participle.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root appears 8 times, including describing the people of Lot being destroyed by a `ḥāṣib`.

The surah asks, `a-amintum man fī-s-samā’i an yursila ʿalaykum ḥāṣibā` (“Or do you feel secure from He who is in the heaven that He will not send upon you a storm of stones?”). This is a terrifying reminder of God’s power to punish, using the forces of nature as His soldiers.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the terrifying question in Surah Al-Mulk (67:17), the surah asks, “Or do you feel secure from He who is in the heaven that He will not send upon you a storm of stones? Then you will know how [real] was My warning.” The commentators explain that this is a reference to a specific type of divine punishment that was sent upon past nations, such as the people of Lot. It is a reminder that God has at His disposal many “soldiers,” including the wind and the stones, and He can unleash them at any moment. The question is a powerful tool to shatter the listener’s false sense of security.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of God’s absolute power and the reality of His warnings. The surah is a sustained warning (indhār). This verse gives a specific and terrifying example of what that warning entails. The theme is that the forces of nature are not random; they are under the command of God and can be used as instruments of His justice. The verse is a powerful call to heed the prophetic “warning” before one is forced to experience its reality.

Modern & Comparative Lens

A violent hailstorm or a meteor shower are natural phenomena that are both beautiful and terrifying. This verse uses the image of a “storm of stones” to convey the idea of a sudden and inescapable punishment that comes from the sky. It is a powerful and universal archetype of a celestial punishment.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a reminder of our own vulnerability and the immense power of God. The practical application is to be grateful for our safety and to not take the normal, peaceful functioning of the natural world for granted. We should see the order around us as a mercy from God, and we should seek refuge in Him from the possibility of a sudden and destructive “storm of stones,” both literal and metaphorical.

14. Iʿtarafū bi-dhanbihim (اعْتَرَفُوا بِذَنبِهِم) – They will confess their sin

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Iʿtarafū (root: ʿ-R-F) means to confess or to acknowledge. Bi-dhanbihim means “their sin.”

• Arabic Root: ع-ر-ف
• Morphology: `Iʿtarafū` (اعْتَرَفُوا) is a Form VIII perfect tense verb.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears once in this surah. The root is very common.

`Fa-ʿtarafū bi-dhanbihim` (“So they confessed their sin”). This is the final state of the people of Hell. After being confronted by the keepers and remembering the warnings they received, they have no choice but to `iʿtirāf` (confess) their own guilt.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:11), this is the final state of the inhabitants of Hell after their dialogue with the keepers. After they admit that a warner did come to them and that they denied him, and that had they listened or used their reason they would have been saved, the verse concludes, “And they will confess their sin.” The commentators explain that this is the moment of ultimate and complete self-incrimination. In the face of the undeniable reality of the punishment and the clear memory of the warning, they have no choice but to “confess” that their damnation is entirely their own fault. There is no one else to blame.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of the perfect justice of the Day of Judgment. The surah emphasizes that no one will be wronged. The “confession” of the people of Hell is the ultimate proof of this. They themselves will bear witness that their punishment is just. The theme is one of absolute and inescapable personal responsibility. The dialogue in Hell is not for God to find out the truth, but for the deniers themselves to finally “confess” the truth that they denied all their lives.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of a final “confession” is a powerful legal and psychological archetype. It is the moment when all denial and self-deception collapses in the face of undeniable truth. The Qur’anic scene is a profound depiction of this. It is the ultimate moment of tragic self-awareness, a moment of perfect clarity that comes only when it is too late to be of any benefit.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a powerful and sobering warning. The practical application is to make our “confession” of our sins *now*, in this life, in the form of sincere repentance to God. We should be quick to “confess” our faults and to seek forgiveness, so that we do not have to make this terrible and futile confession in the Hereafter. It is a call to a life of humble self-awareness, not one of arrogant denial.

15. Khāsiʾan (خَاسِئًا) – Humbled

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is KH-S-ʾ (خ-س-أ), which means to be driven away, to be humbled, or to be disgraced. The active participle khāsiʾan describes a state of being humbled and rebuffed.

• Arabic Root: خ-س-أ
• Morphology: `Khāsi’an` (خَاسِئًا) is an active participle.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root appears 5 times.

This is the state of the `baṣar` (vision) after it tries to find a flaw in the creation. It returns `khāsi’an`—rebuffed, defeated, and humbled by the perfection it has witnessed.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the great challenge in Surah Al-Mulk (67:4), this is the state in which the human vision will return after its futile search for a flaw in the creation. “the vision will return to you humbled (khāsiʾan) while it is weary.” The commentators explain that the human faculty of sight, no matter how sharp or how persistent, will be utterly defeated and “humbled” by the sheer perfection of the divine creation. It will have to return and to admit that it could not find a single flaw. It is a state of complete intellectual and perceptual surrender.

Thematic Context

This connects to the central theme of the surah: the perfection of God’s creation as a proof of His majesty. The theme is that the evidence is so overwhelming that it will “humble” any sincere observer. The word “khāsiʾan” is a powerful one. It is not just that the vision will fail; it will return in a state of disgrace, like a defeated and rebuffed army. The perfection of the creation is a powerful and victorious soldier of God.

Modern & Comparative Lens

This is a powerful description of the state of intellectual humility that should result from a deep engagement with the natural world. The more we learn through science, the more we should be “humbled” by the vastness and the complexity of what we do not know. The verse is a call to a science that is based not on arrogance, but on a deep and abiding sense of “humbled” awe before the majesty of the cosmos.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse encourages us to engage in a deep and persistent reflection on the signs of God. The practical application is to not just take a fleeting glance at the creation, but to truly study it and to ponder its wonders. We should reflect on the creation with such depth that our own intellects become “humbled” and “weary,” leading us to a state of profound and sincere submission to the Creator who fashioned it all.

16. Khalaqa al-mawta wa-l-ḥayāta (خَلَقَ الْمَوْتَ وَالْحَيَاةَ) – He created death and life

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Khalaqa is “He created.” Al-Mawt is “the death.” Al-Ḥayāh is “the life.”

• Arabic Root (mawt): م-و-ت
• Arabic Root (ḥayāt): ح-ي-ي
• Morphology: This is a verbal sentence.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears once in this surah. Both concepts are central to the Qur’an.

`Alladhī khalaqa-l-mawta wa-l-ḥayāta…` (“He who created death and life…”). The surah states that both death and life are purposeful creations. Death is mentioned first, emphasizing that life is a gift brought forth from non-existence, and death is a decreed transition, not merely an end.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:2), this is the first of the great creative acts mentioned. The commentators have highlighted the profound subtlety of mentioning “death” *before* “life.” This is to emphasize that the original state was one of non-existence or “death,” and that life is a specific and purposeful “creation” that has been brought forth from that state. Death is not just the cessation of life; it too is a “creation,” a decreed and purposeful transition that is part of the divine plan. Both are creations of God, and both are part of the great test.

Thematic Context

This connects to the surah’s central theme of God’s absolute dominion over all aspects of existence. The surah is a call to recognize His power. This verse is a foundational statement of that power. The theme is that the entire cycle of existence, from non-existence to life, and from life back to the state of death, is a divinely “created” and purposeful one. The purpose is explicitly stated in the rest of the verse: “to test you as to which of you is best in deed.”

Modern & Comparative Lens

The question of the origin of life and the nature of death are the ultimate existential questions. This verse provides a profound theological framework. It asserts that both life and death are not random accidents, but are purposeful “creations.” The idea of death being a “creation” is a particularly profound one. It is not just an absence or a negation, but a real and significant part of the divine design, a gateway to the next stage of existence.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a call to a deep and meaningful reflection on our own existence. We should see our life not as a given, but as a special “creation” and an opportunity for a test. We should see our death not as an end, but as another “creation,” a transition that is part of a wise plan. The practical application is to live this “created” life in the best possible way, so that we may meet our “created” death in a state that is pleasing to the one who created them both.

17. Kunna nasmaʿu aw naʿqilu (لَوْ كُنَّا نَسْمَعُ أَوْ نَعْقِلُ) – If only we had listened or used our reason

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Law kunnā is “if only we had been.” Nasmaʿu is “we listen.” Aw naʿqilu is “or we use our reason.”

• Arabic Root (nasmaʿu): س-م-ع
• Arabic Root (naʿqilu): ع-ق-ل
• Morphology: This is a conditional statement of regret.

This is the confession of the people of Hell. They will admit, `law kunnā nasmaʿu aw naʿqilu mā kunnā fī aṣḥābi-s-saʿīr` (“If only we had listened or used our reason, we would not be among the companions of the Blaze”). They acknowledge that God gave them two paths to guidance: `samʿ` (listening to revelation) and `ʿaql` (using their intellect), and they neglected both.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the dialogue in Hell in Surah Al-Mulk (67:10), this is the final, regretful conclusion of its inhabitants. “And they will say, ‘If only we had listened or used our reason, we would not be among the companions of the Blaze.'” The commentators explain that this is the ultimate confession of their own responsibility. They admit that they were given two primary tools for guidance: the faculty of “listening” to the divine revelation brought by the warner, and the faculty of “using their own reason” to reflect on the signs of God. Their damnation is a direct result of their own failure to use either of these two magnificent gifts.

Thematic Context

This connects to the surah’s theme of the rationality of faith. The surah is a sustained appeal to both hearing (the revelation) and reason (reflection on the creation). This verse is the tragic confirmation of that theme from the mouths of the damned themselves. The theme is that salvation is the natural outcome of a life based on “listening and reasoning,” and damnation is the natural outcome of a life in which both of these faculties have been neglected.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The pairing of “listening” (to revelation/tradition) and “reasoning” (using one’s own intellect) is the foundation of the Islamic epistemological system. This verse is a powerful statement of this balanced approach. It is a rejection of both a blind, unthinking faith and an arrogant, unaided reason. The path to truth is in the harmonious integration of both. This is a timeless and profound intellectual and spiritual methodology.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a powerful and direct command for our own lives. We must never be among those who make this regretful statement. The practical application is to be a people who actively and consistently use the two great tools of guidance that God has given us. We must be diligent “listeners” to the Qur’an and the Sunnah, and we must be diligent in “using our reason” to reflect on the signs of God and the meanings of His revelation. This is the guaranteed path to avoiding the fate of the “companions of the Blaze.”

18. Al-Laṭīf al-Khabīr (اللَّطِيفُ الْخَبِيرُ) – The Subtle, the Well-Acquainted

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Al-Laṭīf is The Subtle, The Gentle, The Minutely Aware. Al-Khabīr is The All-Aware, The Well-Acquainted with the inner realities of things.

• Arabic Root (Laṭīf): ل-ط-ف
• Arabic Root (Khabīr): خ-ب-ر
• Morphology: Both are divine names on intensive adjectival patterns (`faʿīl`).
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The pairing appears once in this surah. It appears 6 times in the Qur’an.

This pair of names is the logical conclusion to the question, `a-lā yaʿlamu man khalaq` (“Does He who created not know?”). The answer is yes, because `wa huwa-l-Laṭīfu-l-Khabīr`. His knowledge is `Laṭīf` (subtle enough to penetrate the innermost secrets) and `Khabīr` (fully acquainted with all realities).

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:14), after the rhetorical question, “Does He who created not know?”, the verse concludes with this pair of beautiful names. “And He is the Subtle, the Well-Acquainted.” The commentators explain that these names are the ultimate proof of His all-encompassing knowledge. His knowledge is “Subtle” (Laṭīf), meaning it penetrates into the most hidden and the most minute of all realities. And His knowledge is “Well-Acquainted” (Khabīr), meaning He is intimately aware of the inner state and the true nature of all of His creation. The creator of the intricate machine is, by definition, the one who is most intimately aware of its every inner working.

Thematic Context

This connects to the central theme of God’s perfect and intimate knowledge. The surah has stated that God knows our secret speech and the contents of our hearts. This verse provides the ultimate, rational proof for this, and concludes with the names that perfectly describe this type of knowledge. The theme is that because God is Al-Laṭīf al-Khabīr, we should live in a state of profound and constant awareness of His presence.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of a God who is both “Subtle” and “All-Aware” is a profound one. It is a rejection of a distant, deistic God. It presents a God who is not just aware of the grand sweep of the cosmos, but is intimately and subtly aware of the most minute details of our existence and our inner lives. It is a theology of profound and comforting divine intimacy.

Practical Reflection & Application

Reflecting on these names is a powerful path to a deeper relationship with God. The practical application is to call upon God with these names and to trust in their reality. When we feel that our struggles are unseen or that our prayers are too small to be noticed, we should remember that we are calling upon the One who is “Al-Laṭīf al-Khabīr,” whose subtle awareness misses nothing. This is a source of immense comfort and a powerful cure for feelings of loneliness.

19. Libluwakum (لِيَبْلُوَكُمْ) – To test you

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is B-L-W, which means to test or to try something to reveal its true nature. The verb libluwakum means “in order to test you.”

• Arabic Root: ب-ل-و
• Morphology: `Li-yabluwakum` (لِيَبْلُوَكُمْ) is a verb prefixed with `li-` to show purpose.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root is common (over 30 times).

`Alladhī khalaqa-l-mawta wa-l-ḥayāta li-yabluwakum…` (“He who created death and life to test you…”). This explicitly states the purpose of our existence. Life and death are the arena for a divine `balā’` (test).

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:2), this is stated as the very purpose of the creation of life and death. “[He] who created death and life to test you [as to] which of you is best in deed.” The commentators explain that this is the ultimate wisdom behind our existence. This worldly life is not a random accident or a playground; it is a divinely-ordained “testing” ground. Our free will, our blessings, and our hardships are all part of this test. The purpose of the test is to make our inner realities manifest through our outward actions, so that we can be justly recompensed for our choices.

Thematic Context

This is a foundational theme of the surah and of the entire Qur’anic worldview. The surah is a powerful reminder of this “test.” The theme is that life is purposeful, and its purpose is a moral and a spiritual one. This gives our lives a profound sense of meaning and gravity. We are not just living; we are being “tested.” This is the ultimate answer to the question, “Why are we here?”

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of life as a “test” or a “trial” is a central feature of the Abrahamic faiths. It provides a powerful framework for understanding suffering and for motivating ethical behavior. It is a rejection of a hedonistic or a nihilistic worldview. This verse is a concise and powerful statement of this teleological vision of human existence.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse should be the ultimate frame for our entire lives. The practical application is to see everything that happens to us—both good and bad—as a part of our personal “test.” When we are blessed with wealth, we are being tested on our gratitude and our generosity. When we are faced with hardship, we are being tested on our patience and our trust. This mindset transforms every moment of our lives into an opportunity to prove our faith and to draw closer to our Lord.

20. Lujjū fī ʿutuwwin wa nufūr (لَّجُّوا فِي عُتُوٍّ وَنُفُورٍ) – They persist in transgression and aversion

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Lujjū means they persist stubbornly. Fī ʿutuwwin is “in transgression” or “in insolence.” Wa nufūr is “and in aversion” or “in running away.”

• Arabic Root (lujjū): ل-ج-ج
• Arabic Root (ʿutuwwin): ع-ت-و
• Arabic Root (nufūr): ن-ف-ر
• Morphology: `Lajjū` (لَجُّوا) is a verb for stubborn persistence. `ʿUtuww` and `nufūr` are verbal nouns.

This phrase describes the state of the deniers. `Bal lajjū fī ʿutuwwin wa nufūr` (“But they persist in transgression and aversion”). Their disbelief is not passive; it is a stubborn persistence (`lajjū`) in both arrogant rebellion (`ʿutuww`) and a flighty aversion (`nufūr`) from the truth.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:21), after a series of rational proofs, the surah describes the state of the deniers. “…But they persist in transgression and aversion.” The commentators explain that this is a diagnosis of their spiritual disease. Their disbelief is not a result of a lack of evidence. It is a result of their own willful and stubborn choice to “persist” in two states: “transgression” (an arrogant and insolent rebellion against the truth) and “aversion” (a deep-seated desire to run away from the truth and to not engage with it). It is a combination of arrogant opposition and fearful flight.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of the irrationality of disbelief. The surah has presented a powerful and logical case for faith. This verse shows that the response of the disbelievers is not a logical one. The theme is that their state is a moral and a psychological one, not an intellectual one. They are trapped in a self-perpetuating cycle of pride and avoidance. This is the ultimate barrier to their guidance.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The combination of “transgression” (an aggressive opposition) and “aversion” (a fearful flight) is a profound psychological portrait of the state of denial. It is the person who will both aggressively mock a truth and at the same time do everything they can to avoid sincerely engaging with it. It is a timeless description of the state of a closed and fearful mind.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a powerful warning against the danger of becoming stubborn in our own falsehoods. The practical application is to cultivate the opposite qualities: humility in the face of the truth, and a courageous willingness to engage with it, not to run away from it. We should constantly pray to God to protect us from the diseases of “transgression and aversion” and to grant us hearts that are submissive and receptive to His guidance.

21. Māʾin maʿīn (بِمَاءٍ مَّعِينٍ) – Flowing water

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Māʾ is water. Maʿīn (root: ʿ-Y-N) means a spring, and as an adjective, it means that which is flowing, visible, and easily accessible, like the water of a spring.

• Arabic Root: ع-ي-ن
• Morphology: `Maʿīn` (مَعِين) is a passive participle used as an adjective.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears once in this surah. The root is common (over 60 times).

This is the final, unanswerable question of the surah: If your water were to sink away, `fa-man ya’tīkum bi-mā’in maʿīn` (“then who could bring you flowing water?”). It is the ultimate reminder of our absolute dependence on God for the most basic necessity of life.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

This is the final, powerful word of Surah Al-Mulk (67:30). The surah concludes with a devastating and unanswerable challenge to all of humanity. “Say, ‘Have you considered: if your water was to become sunken [into the earth], then who could bring you flowing water?'” The commentators explain that this is the ultimate proof of our absolute and continuous dependence on God. Water is the most basic necessity of life. The verse is a reminder that even this most fundamental of all blessings is not a given; it is a gift from God that could be withdrawn at any moment. The question “who then could bring you…?” has only one possible answer: Allah alone.

Thematic Context

This is the culminating argument of the entire surah. The surah has been a sustained discourse on the dominion and the power of God. This final verse brings that grand theme down to the most personal and the most essential of all realities: the water that we drink. The theme is one of absolute dependence. The surah ends by leaving the listener in a state of profound reflection on their own helplessness and the absolute necessity of the mercy of the one and only provider.

Modern & Comparative Lens

In an age of global water crises and growing concerns about drought, this verse has a particularly powerful and poignant resonance. It is a timeless and urgent reminder of the precious and fragile nature of our most essential resource. The verse is a powerful foundation for an Islamic environmental ethic that is based on a deep sense of gratitude for and responsible stewardship of the gift of “flowing water.”

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a profound and direct call to gratitude and reflection. The practical application is to be mindful and thankful every single time we drink a glass of water. We should see it not as a simple commodity, but as a direct mercy from our Lord. This simple act of mindful gratitude is a powerful way to connect with the central message of this magnificent surah and to cultivate a heart that is truly dependent on God alone.

22. Manākibihā (مَنَاكِبِهَا) – Its regions / Its shoulders

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Manākib is the plural of mankib (root: N-K-B), which means a shoulder. By extension, it refers to the regions, the paths, or the shoulders of the earth.

• Arabic Root: ن-ك-ب
• Morphology: `Manākib` (مَنَاكِب) is a plural noun of place.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root appears 4 times.

`Fa-mshū fī manākibihā` (“So walk in its regions…”). This is a command to traverse the earth to seek livelihood. The imagery of walking on the `manākib` (shoulders) of the earth implies ease and dominion, a sign of the earth being made subservient to man.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:15), after stating that the earth has been made “subservient” (dhalūlan), the command is given, “so walk among its regions (fī manākibihā) and eat of His provision.” The commentators explain that this is a command to travel and to strive for one’s livelihood. The image of walking on the “shoulders” of the earth is a beautiful one. It implies that the earth has been so perfectly tamed for us that we can walk upon it with ease, as if walking on the broad and stable shoulders of a tamed animal. It is a call to actively engage with the world and to seek the provision that God has placed within it.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of a balanced and active faith. The surah is not a call to a passive, world-denying asceticism. It is a call to a life that combines a deep reliance on God with an active and diligent striving in the world. The theme is a rejection of laziness. God has made the earth “subservient,” and our part of the covenant is to “walk” upon it and to work for our sustenance.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The command to “walk among its regions” is a powerful endorsement of exploration, travel, and economic activity. It is a call to a proactive and engaged life. This is a foundational principle of the Islamic work ethic. It is a rejection of a fatalistic mindset that would lead to inaction. The believer is one who trusts in God’s provision but also actively “walks” to seek it out.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a direct command and a source of encouragement. The practical application is to be diligent and proactive in seeking our lawful livelihood. We should see our work and our travel not as a mere worldly necessity, but as an act of worship, an obedience to the command to “walk among the regions of the earth.” We should strive with our limbs, while keeping our hearts attached to the One who is the ultimate provider.

23. Al-Mulku (الْمُلْكُ) – The Dominion

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is M-L-K, meaning to own or to rule. Al-Mulk is the dominion, the sovereignty, or the kingdom.

• Arabic Root: م-ل-ك
• Morphology: `Al-Mulk` (الْمُلْك) is a verbal noun.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once here and gives the surah its name. The root is extremely common (over 260 times).

`Tabāraka-lladhī bi-yadihi-l-mulk` (“Blessed is He in whose hand is the Dominion”). The surah opens by establishing its central theme: God’s absolute and perfect sovereignty (`al-Mulk`) over all of creation.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

This word gives the surah its name and is the first key concept introduced (67:1). “Blessed is He in whose hand is the dominion (al-mulk).” The commentators explain that this is the foundational statement of the entire surah. “Dominion” here refers to the absolute and perfect sovereignty, ownership, and control that God has over all of existence. The entire surah that follows is an exposition and a proof of this one, foundational reality. Everything in the heavens and the earth is a manifestation of His “dominion.”

Thematic Context

The theme of God’s “dominion” is the central and overarching theme of the surah. It is the basis for His creative power, His right to be worshipped, His intimate knowledge of all things, and His authority to resurrect and to judge. The surah is a sustained call to recognize and to submit to the reality of this absolute divine sovereignty. To deny this “dominion” is the root of all disbelief.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of “sovereignty” is a central concept in political philosophy. This surah makes a profound theological statement: that the only true and absolute sovereign is God. All human sovereignty is temporary, delegated, and ultimately illusory. This provides a powerful theological basis for a critique of all forms of human tyranny and a call for a political and social order that is grounded in the ultimate sovereignty of the one true King.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a call to recognize who is truly in control. The practical application is to live our lives as willing and obedient subjects in the “dominion” of God. We should submit to His laws, trust in His plan, and find our ultimate peace and security in the knowledge that our lives and the entire universe are in the hands of a King who is both all-powerful and all-merciful.

24. Nadhīr (نَذِير) – A warner

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is N-DH-R, which means to warn. A nadhīr is a warner.

• Arabic Root: ن-ذ-ر
• Morphology: `Nadhīr` (نَذِير) is a verbal noun used as an adjective.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears 4 times in this surah. The root is very common (over 130 times).

This word is a key refrain. The inhabitants of Hell confess, `balā qad jā’anā nadhīr` (“Yes, a warner had come to us”). The Prophet’s role is defined as being only a `nadhīr mubīn` (“a clear warner”). The coming of a `nadhīr` establishes God’s proof against humanity.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

This word is a key refrain in Surah Al-Mulk. The inhabitants of Hell will confess, “Yes, a warner had come to us” (67:9). God asks of the past nations, “Then how [terrible] was My rejection [of them] and My warning?” (67:17). And the Prophet is defined as being “only a clear warner” (67:26). The commentators explain that the “warner” is the prophet or messenger who is sent to a people to warn them of the consequences of their disbelief before the punishment arrives. The sending of a “warner” is a necessary prerequisite for God’s justice. He does not punish a people until the warning has been clearly delivered.

Thematic Context

The theme of the “warner” is central to the surah’s message of accountability. The surah is itself a “warning.” The dialogue in Hell revolves around the people’s admission that they had received and rejected the “warner.” This serves to establish their own culpability and the perfect justice of their punishment. The theme is that on the Day of Judgment, no one will be able to claim that they were not warned.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of the “prophetic warning” is a key feature of the Abrahamic traditions. The prophet is not just a teacher of wisdom, but a “warner” who speaks of the future consequences of present actions. This gives the prophetic message a profound sense of urgency. The Qur’an’s emphasis on the “warner” is a powerful statement on the mercy and the justice of God, who always gives a clear warning before enacting a consequence.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse encourages us to take the “warnings” that have come to us in the Qur’an with the utmost seriousness. We have received the message of the final “warner,” the Prophet Muhammad. The practical application is to live our lives in a way that is a positive response to his warning. We should be among those who hear the warning and take heed, not among those who will have to confess on the Day of Judgment that they denied their “warner.”

25. Nushūr (النُّشُور) – The Resurrection

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is N-SH-R, which means to spread out or to publish. Al-Nushūr is the verbal noun, and it refers to the act of being brought back to life and “spread out” from the graves. It is a primary term for the Resurrection.

• Arabic Root: ن-ش-ر
• Morphology: `An-Nushūr` (النُّشُور) is a verbal noun.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root is common (about 30 times).

`Wa ilayhi-n-nushūr` (“and to Him is the Resurrection”). This phrase concludes the verse about striving on the earth, reminding the listener that our worldly activity is not the final end; the ultimate return and “spreading forth” for judgment is to God.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:15), after the command to walk the earth and to eat of God’s provision, the verse concludes with a powerful reminder: “and to Him is the Resurrection.” The commentators explain that this is a crucial and balancing statement. We are commanded to engage with the world and to seek our livelihood, but we must do so with the constant awareness that our journey does not end here. Our striving in this world is temporary, and our ultimate return is to God for the “Resurrection” and the final accounting.

Thematic Context

This connects to the central theme of the surah: the certainty of the Hereafter. The surah consistently links the signs of God’s power in this life to the reality of the next life. The theme is one of a balanced worldview. We are to live and work in this world, but our hearts and our ultimate focus should always be on the final destination: the “nushūr.” This keeps our worldly striving from becoming an end in itself.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of “resurrection” is a central tenet of the Abrahamic faiths. The Qur’anic term “al-nushūr” has a beautiful and specific connotation. With its root meaning of “to spread out,” it evokes the image of all of humanity being “spread out” from their graves across the plain of judgment, a vast and universal assembly. It is a powerful image of the final gathering.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a call to a life of mindful balance. The practical application is to be diligent in our worldly duties, but to never forget our final destination. We should work as if we will live forever, but we should worship as if we will die tomorrow. By keeping the reality of the “Resurrection” always in our minds, we ensure that our worldly pursuits are kept in their proper perspective and are sanctified by a higher purpose.

26. Qadīr (قَدِير) – The All-Powerful

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is Q-D-R, meaning to have power or ability. Qadīr is an intensive form, meaning one who has perfect and absolute power and ability.

• Arabic Root: ق-د-ر
• Morphology: `Qadīr` (قَدِير) is an adjective on the intensive `faʿīl` pattern.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The name `Al-Qadīr` appears 45 times in the Qur’an.

The surah opens by establishing God’s dominion (`mulk`) and concludes the first verse by stating its foundation: `wa huwa ʿalā kulli shay’in Qadīr` (“and He is over all things All-Powerful”). His absolute power is the basis of His absolute sovereignty.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

The opening verse of Surah Al-Mulk (67:1) concludes with this powerful attribute. “Blessed is He in whose hand is the dominion, and He is over all things All-Powerful.” The commentators explain that this is the ultimate foundation of His “dominion.” He has absolute sovereignty because He has the absolute and perfect “power” to carry out His will. The surah then proceeds to give numerous examples of this power: the creation of life and death, the creation of the seven heavens, and the power to resurrect the dead.

Thematic Context

The theme of God’s absolute power (qudrah) is central to the entire surah. It is the basis for the argument for the resurrection. It is the reason why His warnings should be feared. And it is the source of the believer’s trust. The surah is a sustained meditation on the meaning and the manifestations of the fact that God is “over all things All-Powerful.”

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of divine “omnipotence” is a cornerstone of monotheistic theology. The Qur’anic name al-Qadīr is a beautiful and direct expression of this. It is a statement of a power that is not limited by the laws of nature, because He is the author of those laws. It is a power that is both creative and executive, the ability to both decree and to perfectly bring that decree into being.

Practical Reflection & Application

This name of God should be a source of immense hope and awe for us. The practical application is to place our full trust in the One who is “over all things All-Powerful.” When we are faced with a situation that seems impossible, we should remember that we are the servants of a Lord for whom nothing is impossible. This conviction is the key to a powerful and effective supplication (duʿāʾ).

27. Rujūman lil-shayāṭīn (رُجُومًا لِّلشَّيَاطِينِ) – As missiles for the devils

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Rujūm (root: R-J-M) is the plural of rajm, a missile or something used for stoning. Lil-shayāṭīn is “for the devils.”

• Arabic Root: ر-ج-م
• Morphology: `Rujūm` (رُجُوم) is a verbal noun used as a plural.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears once in this surah. The root appears 14 times.

`Wa jaʿalnāhā rujūman li-sh-shayāṭīn` (“And We have made them [the stars/lamps] as missiles for the devils”). This gives a metaphysical purpose to shooting stars: they are celestial weapons used to guard the heavens from eavesdropping devils.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:5), after mentioning the stars as beautiful “lamps,” the surah adds another of their functions. “And We have made them as missiles for the devils.” The commentators explain that this refers to the shooting stars or the meteors. The verse provides a theological and unseen purpose for this astronomical phenomenon. They are not just random events, but are celestial “missiles” that are used by the angels to guard the heavens and to drive away the devils who try to eavesdrop on the divine council.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of a purposeful and divinely-managed cosmos. The surah presents a universe that is not just a beautiful painting, but is an active arena of a cosmic struggle. The theme is that the heavens are a protected and guarded realm. This serves to guarantee the purity and the integrity of the divine revelation that descends from it. The “missiles” are a sign of this divine protection.

Modern & Comparative Lens

While science explains meteors as space debris burning up in the atmosphere, this does not necessarily contradict the Qur’anic account. The Qur’an often assigns a metaphysical purpose to physical phenomena. The scientific “how” does not negate the theological “why.” From a faith perspective, God can use a natural phenomenon for a specific metaphysical purpose. The imagery of celestial “missiles” striking down the forces of darkness is a powerful archetype of the triumph of light over evil.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse encourages us to see the world with a deeper, spiritual eye. When we see a shooting star, we can be reminded of this verse. The practical application is to see this as a sign of God’s power and His protection of the truth. It is a reminder that we are living in the midst of a great, unseen struggle, and we should seek our refuge and our protection in the One who commands these celestial “missiles.”

28. Sabʿa samāwātin ṭibāqā (سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ طِبَاقًا) – Seven heavens in layers

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Sabʿa samāwāt is “seven heavens.” Ṭibāq (root: Ṭ-B-Q) means to be in layers, one on top of the other, in perfect correspondence.

• Arabic Root: ط-ب-ق
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears once in this surah and once in Surah Nuh.

This is one of the arguments from design. The surah calls us to reflect on the One `alladhī khalaqa sabʿa samāwātin ṭibāqā` (“who created seven heavens in layers”). The term `ṭibāq` implies a perfect, harmonious, and congruent layering, without any flaws.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the argument from creation in Surah Al-Mulk (67:3), the surah states, “[He] who created seven heavens in layers (ṭibāqā).” The commentators explain that this is a description of the magnificent and orderly structure of the cosmos. The heavens are not a single entity, but are a multi-layered and perfectly corresponding structure. The word “ṭibāq” emphasizes the perfect harmony and the lack of any discord between these layers. It is a sign of a single, masterful designer.

Thematic Context

This connects to the central theme of the surah: the perfection of God’s creation as a proof of His dominion. The surah is a call to look at the universe and to see its flawless design. The image of the “seven heavens in layers” is the primary example of this grand and orderly architecture. The theme is that a creation of such magnificent and layered perfection could only be the work of a single, all-powerful, and all-wise Creator.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of “seven heavens” is a feature of many ancient cosmologies. While some modern commentators continue to understand this literally as distinct realms, others have offered more symbolic interpretations, such as referring to the seven layers of the Earth’s atmosphere, or simply as a metaphor for the vastness and the multi-layered complexity of the universe that modern science has unveiled. Regardless of the interpretation, the core message is one of a vast and perfectly ordered cosmos.

Practical Reflection & Application

Reflecting on the “seven heavens in layers” should expand our sense of awe and wonder at the universe. It encourages us to look beyond our immediate surroundings and to contemplate the vastness of creation. The practical application is to engage with the signs of God in the cosmos with a sense of humility, recognizing that what we can observe is only a tiny fraction of a much grander, multi-layered reality created by our Lord. This should deepen our trust in the one who created and manages it all.

29. Samʿ, abṣār, wa afʾidah (السَّمْعَ وَالْأَبْصَارَ وَالْأَفْئِدَةَ) – The hearing, the sights, and the hearts

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Al-Samʿ is the hearing. Al-Abṣār is the plural of sight. Al-Afʾidah is the plural of fuʾād, the heart as a center of intellection.

• Arabic Roots: س-م-ع, ب-ص-ر, ف-أ-د
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears once in this surah. The trio of “hearing, sights, and hearts” is a recurring Qur’anic theme.

God reminds humanity that He is the one who `jaʿala lakumu-s-samʿa wa-l-abṣāra wa-l-af’idah` (“made for you hearing, sight, and hearts”). These are the fundamental tools of perception and understanding, given to us for the purpose of recognizing the truth.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:23), after stating that God has “produced” us, the verse specifies the great gifts He has given us: “…and made for you the hearing and the sights and the hearts.” The commentators explain that these are the three primary tools of knowledge and guidance. The “hearing” is the faculty by which we receive the revealed knowledge. The “sights” are the faculty by which we perceive the signs of God in the universe. And the “hearts” are the faculty of intellect and insight by which we process and understand both of these. The verse then rebukes humanity for its lack of gratitude for these magnificent tools.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of human responsibility. The surah has emphasized that the inhabitants of Hell will confess, “If only we had listened or used our reason.” This verse shows that God has given every human being the necessary tools to do just that. The theme is that we have been perfectly equipped for the test of life. We have been given the faculties to perceive and to understand the truth. Our failure is not a failure of our hardware, but a failure of our will.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The trilogy of “hearing, sight, and heart” is a recurring one in the Qur’an and represents its theory of knowledge (epistemology). It is a holistic one that combines the empirical (sight), the traditional (hearing the revelation), and the rational/intuitive (the heart). This is a comprehensive model of human cognition. It is a powerful statement that a balanced and true understanding requires the proper use of all of these faculties in harmony.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a profound call to gratitude and responsible use of our faculties. The practical application is to consciously use our “hearing, sight, and hearts” for the purpose for which they were created. We should use our ears to listen to the Qur’an. We should use our eyes to see the signs of God in the creation. And we should use our hearts to reflect, to understand, and to develop a sincere and certain faith. This is the true meaning of gratitude for these great gifts.

30. Sawiyyan ʿalā ṣirāṭin mustaqīm (سَوِيًّا عَلَىٰ صِرَاطٍ مُّسْتَقِيمٍ) – Upright on a straight path

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Sawiyyan means upright, straight, or well-formed. ʿAlā ṣirāṭin mustaqīm is “on a straight path.”

• Arabic Root (sawiyyan): س-و-ي
• Arabic Root (ṣirāṭ): ص-ر-ط
• Arabic Root (mustaqīm): ق-و-م
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears once in this surah. The concept of the “Straight Path” is central to the Qur’an.

This phrase is part of a parable. The surah asks who is better guided: one who walks stumbling on his face, or one `yamshī sawiyyan ʿalā ṣirāṭin mustaqīm` (“who walks upright on a straight path”). This is the metaphor for the believer, who walks with clarity, dignity, and purpose on the clear path of Islam.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the powerful parable in Surah Al-Mulk (67:22), the one who walks “fallen on his face” is contrasted with “one who walks upright on a straight path.” The commentators explain that the one who walks “upright” is a metaphor for the believer. He is walking through life with his head held high, with clear vision, and with a confident and steady pace because he is on the “straight path” of divine guidance (Islam). His path is clear, his destination is known, and his journey is a balanced and upright one.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of the surah as a call to the clear and rational path of faith. The surah has presented numerous proofs for its message. This parable is a powerful summary of the two possible responses. The theme is that the path of disbelief is a path of stumbling and blindness. The path of faith is the only one that is “upright” and leads to a clear destination. The parable is a powerful appeal to choose the path of clarity over the path of confusion.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The metaphor of life as a journey on a “path” is a universal one. This verse adds a powerful visual and postural dimension to it. The image of the believer walking “upright” is a profound metaphor for a life of integrity, dignity, and purpose. It is the posture of a person who is confident in their worldview and who is moving through life with a clear moral and spiritual compass.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a call to walk through life with our heads held high, guided by the clear light of the divine revelation. The practical application is to make the “straight path” of Islam our clear and unwavering direction in life. We should not be like the one who is “fallen on his face,” blindly following our desires or the confusing paths of human ideologies. We should be people of clarity, vision, and purpose, walking confidently on the upright path that leads to our Lord.

31. Suḥqan (فَسُحْقًا) – So away with…

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is S-Ḥ-Q, which means to be distant or to be crushed. Suḥqan is an imprecation, meaning “May they be far removed [from mercy]!” or “Destruction be upon them!”

• Arabic Root: س-ح-ق
• Morphology: `Suḥqan` (سُحْقًا) is a verbal noun used as a curse.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root appears 4 times.

`Fa-suḥqan li-aṣḥābi-s-saʿīr` (“So away with the companions of the Blaze!”). After the people of Hell confess their guilt, this is the divine verdict: a declaration of their eternal distance from God’s mercy and their utter ruin.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:11), after the people of Hell have confessed their sin and their responsibility for their own damnation, this is the divine verdict. “So away with the companions of the Blaze!” The commentators explain that this is a declaration of their permanent and complete expulsion from the sphere of God’s mercy. It is a divine curse that seals their fate. After their own confession, there is nothing left but this final statement of their just and eternal ruin.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of the final and irreversible justice of the Day of Judgment. The surah has described the dialogue in Hell, a process that leads to a full confession. This is the final sentencing. The theme is one of absolute finality. The time for mercy is over, and the time for just retribution is now. It is a terrifying and powerful conclusion to the dialogue.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of a final “curse” or a definitive statement of damnation is a feature of eschatology. The Qur’anic term “suḥqan” is a particularly powerful one, with its connotations of both “distance” and “being crushed.” It is a vivid and terrible word that encapsulates the state of the damned: they are crushed by the punishment and are eternally distant from the source of all good.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a profound and sobering warning. The practical application is to live our lives in such a way that we are never the subject of such a terrible divine pronouncement. We should strive to be among those who are drawn “near” to God, not those who are cast “far away” from His mercy. It is a powerful motivation to be among the companions of the Garden, not the “companions of the Blaze.”

32. Tabāraka (تَبَارَكَ) – Blessed is He

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is B-R-K, which means blessing, growth, and abundance. The verb tabāraka (Form VI) is a reflexive form that is used exclusively for God. It signifies that He is the ultimate source of all blessings, and that He is Exalted and Transcendent in His very being. It is a declaration of His immense and continuous goodness.

• Arabic Root: ب-ر-ك
• Morphology: `Tabāraka` (تَبَارَكَ) is a Form VI perfect tense verb.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root appears 32 times.

The surah opens with this magnificent word: `Tabāraka-lladhī bi-yadihi-l-mulk` (“Blessed is He in whose hand is the Dominion”). This establishes the surah’s theme of God’s perfect, benevolent, and abundant sovereignty. All `barakah` (blessing) originates from Him.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

Surah Al-Mulk opens with this magnificent and powerful word (67:1). “Blessed is He in whose hand is the dominion (al-mulk).” The commentators explain that this is the perfect opening for a surah that is a discourse on God’s power and perfection. The word “tabāraka” is a comprehensive statement of praise, affirming that all abundant and lasting good (barakah) originates from God. His dominion is a “blessed” one, a source of all goodness for the creation.

Thematic Context

This is the opening and foundational theme of the surah. The surah is a call to recognize the majesty of God, and this word is the ultimate declaration of that majesty. The theme is that the entire universe is a manifestation of the “blessed” nature of its Creator. The perfection of the creation is a direct result of the perfection of its “blessed” source. The surah is an invitation to witness and to benefit from this infinite source of blessing.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of the “blessedness” of God is a central element of the religious experience. It is a rejection of a deistic God who is distant and uninvolved. The word “tabāraka” portrays a God who is a continuous and abundant source of goodness and grace that overflows into the creation. It is a foundational concept for a theology of divine generosity.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a call to a life of praise and gratitude. The practical application is to make the declaration of God’s “blessedness” a regular part of our remembrance (dhikr). When we say “tabārak Allāh,” we are affirming our belief in His perfection and His status as the ultimate source of all the good in our lives and in the universe. It is a beautiful and powerful way to begin any endeavor and to express our awe for our Lord.

33. Tafāwut (تَفَاوُت) – Any inconsistency

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is F-W-T, which means to pass by or to be incongruous. Tafāwut is a noun meaning a discrepancy, an inconsistency, a fault, or a lack of harmony.

• Arabic Root: ف-و-ت
• Morphology: `Tafāwut` (تَفَاوُت) is a verbal noun from Form VI.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root appears 13 times.

`Mā tarā fī khalqi-r-Raḥmāni min tafāwut` (“You do not see in the creation of the Most Merciful any inconsistency”). The surah challenges the observer to find any `tafāwut`—any disharmony, gap, or contradiction—in the creation. Its perfect coherence is a sign of its single, perfect Creator.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the great challenge in Surah Al-Mulk (67:3), the surah states, “You do not see in the creation of the Most Merciful any inconsistency.” The commentators explain that this is a statement of the perfect harmony and coherence of the entire universe. There are no contradictions in the laws of nature, no parts that do not fit together perfectly. The creation of “the Most Merciful” is a seamless and perfectly integrated whole. This perfect harmony is a clear proof of the oneness and the perfect wisdom of its Creator.

Thematic Context

This connects to the central theme of the surah: the perfection of God’s creation as a proof of His majesty. The surah challenges the listener to find any “inconsistency” or any “flaw.” The theme is that the universe is a coherent and unified “text” that clearly speaks of its single, perfect author. The absence of “tafāwut” is the ultimate sign of Tawḥīd.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The search for a “unified theory” or a “theory of everything” is the ultimate goal of modern physics. This quest is driven by the profound underlying belief that the universe is a coherent and consistent whole, and that all its diverse phenomena can be explained by a single, elegant set of laws. The Qur’anic statement that there is no “tafāwut” in the creation is a beautiful and ancient theological expression of this very same scientific intuition.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse encourages us to look for the harmony and the interconnectedness in the world around us. The practical application is to study the natural world with an eye that is seeking to appreciate the profound and beautiful consistency of God’s creation. This reflection on the perfect harmony of the universe should lead to a deeper trust in the perfect harmony and the consistency of the divine guidance that has been sent down for our own lives.

34. Tafūru (تَفُورُ) – It erupts

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is F-W-R, which means to boil over, to gush forth, or to erupt with rage.

• Arabic Root: ف-و-ر
• Morphology: `Tafūru` (تَفُورُ) is an imperfect verb.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The verb appears once in this surah. The root appears 5 times.

This verb personifies Hellfire. It `takādu tamayyazu mina-l-ghayẓ` (“almost bursts from rage”), and `wa hiya tafūr` (“and it boils up”). It is not a static fire but a dynamic, erupting, and enraged entity.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the terrifying description of Hell in Surah Al-Mulk (67:7-8), the surah states, “When they are thrown into it, they hear from it a [dreadful] inhaling, and it boils up. It almost bursts from rage.” The commentators explain that Hellfire is not a passive, inanimate thing. It is personified as a monstrous being that is in a state of constant, violent “boiling” and “erupting.” It is so full of “rage” (ghayẓ) at the enemies of God that it is on the verge of bursting apart. This is a powerful and terrifying image of a living, angry punishment.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of the reality and the severity of the punishment. The surah is a warning, and this personification of Hell is a key part of that warning. The theme is that Hell itself is an active participant in the divine justice. It is not just a place of torment, but a being that is filled with a righteous and terrible “rage” against those who have been cast into it. This adds a profound psychological and emotional dimension to the horror of the punishment.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The personification of the place of punishment is a powerful literary and mythological archetype. The Qur’an’s description of Hell as a being that “boils up” and “bursts with rage” is a particularly vivid and terrifying one. It is a literary device designed to create a powerful and lasting emotional impact on the listener, to warn them away from the path that leads to such a terrible and living doom.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a profound and sobering warning. The practical application is to take the threat of the Hellfire with the utmost seriousness. We should flee from the sins that fuel its “rage,” and we should constantly seek refuge in God’s mercy from its terrible reality. The awareness of the nature of Hell is a powerful motivator for a life of sincere piety.

35. Tamayyazu min al-ghayẓ (تَمَيَّزُ مِنَ الْغَيْظِ) – It almost bursts from rage

Linguistic Root & Etymology

Tamayyazu means it is almost distinguished or split apart. Min al-ghayẓ is “from rage.” The phrase describes a state of almost bursting with fury.

• Arabic Root (tamayyazu): م-ي-ز
• Arabic Root (ghayẓ): غ-ي-ظ
• Morphology: `Tamayyazu` (تَمَيَّزُ) is a Form V imperfect verb.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The phrase appears once in this surah.

This is another personification of Hellfire. It `takādu tamayyazu mina-l-ghayẓ` (“almost bursts apart from rage”). The Fire is so filled with `ghayẓ` (fury) at the deniers that it can barely contain itself.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In Surah Al-Mulk (67:8), this is the description of the state of Hellfire. The commentators explain that this is a powerful personification. Hell is so filled with intense “rage” at the disbelievers, the enemies of its Lord, that it is physically on the verge of “bursting apart.” This is a depiction of an active, angry punishment that is not a neutral force, but is a direct and conscious participant in the enactment of divine justice. Its “rage” is a reflection of the divine wrath against disbelief.

Thematic Context

This connects to the theme of the severe and living nature of the punishment in the Hereafter. The surah is a solemn warning, and this vivid imagery is a key part of that warning. The theme is that the consequences of disbelief are not just a passive state of deprivation, but an active and terrifying state of torment, where even the abode of punishment is filled with “rage” against its inhabitants.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The personification of a force or a place as being filled with “rage” is a powerful literary device to convey its intense and destructive nature. This Qur’anic image is a particularly terrifying one. It is a profound and visceral depiction of the ultimate consequence of evil: a reality that is so fundamentally opposed to one’s being that the very environment itself is in a state of “rage” against you.

Practical Reflection & Application

This verse is a stark and solemn warning. The practical application is to flee from the actions that would make us the object of such a terrible “rage.” We should strive to be people whose presence brings mercy and peace, not people whose actions fuel the “rage” of Hell. We should constantly seek refuge in the mercy of our Lord from the torment of an abode that “almost bursts from rage.”

36. Ṭibāqā (طِبَاقًا) – In layers

Linguistic Root & Etymology

The root is Ṭ-B-Q, which means to cover or to be in layers that correspond to one another. Ṭibāq means “in layers” or “in tiers.”

• Arabic Root: ط-ب-ق
• Morphology: `Ṭibāqā` (طِبَاقًا) is a verbal noun used as an adjective.
• Occurrences in Surah Al-Mulk and the Qur’an: The word appears once in this surah. The root appears 16 times.

`Khalaqa sabʿa samāwātin ṭibāqā` (“created seven heavens in layers”). The term `ṭibāq` implies a perfect, harmonious, and congruent layering, without any flaws.

Classical Exegesis (Tafsir)

In the argument from creation in Surah Al-Mulk (67:3), the surah states, “[He] who created seven heavens in layers (ṭibāqā).” The commentators explain that this is a description of the magnificent and orderly structure of the cosmos. The heavens are not a single entity, but are a multi-layered and perfectly corresponding structure. The word “ṭibāq” emphasizes the perfect harmony and the lack of any discord between these layers. It is a sign of a single, masterful designer.

Thematic Context

This connects to the central theme of the surah: the perfection of God’s creation as a proof of His dominion. The surah is a call to look at the universe and to see its flawless design. The image of the “seven heavens in layers” is the primary example of this grand and orderly architecture. The theme is that a creation of such magnificent and layered perfection could only be the work of a single, all-powerful, and all-wise Creator.

Modern & Comparative Lens

The concept of “seven heavens” is a feature of many ancient cosmologies. While some modern commentators continue to understand this literally as distinct realms, others have offered more symbolic interpretations, such as referring to the seven layers of the Earth’s atmosphere, or simply as a metaphor for the vastness and the multi-layered complexity of the universe that modern science has unveiled. Regardless of the interpretation, the core message is one of a vast and perfectly ordered cosmos.

Practical Reflection & Application

Reflecting on the “seven heavens in layers” should expand our sense of awe and wonder at the universe. It encourages us to look beyond our immediate surroundings and to contemplate the vastness of creation. The practical application is to engage with the signs of God in the cosmos with a sense of humility, recognizing that what we can observe is only a tiny fraction of a much grander, multi-layered reality created by our Lord. This should deepen our trust in the one who created and manages it all.