Table Of Contents

Meet the Key Figures in Surah Hijr: Roles, Significance & Takeaways

This Character Compendium delves into the heart of Surah Al-Hijr, the 15th chapter of the Holy Qur’an, a powerful Makkan Surah revealed to console the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Named after the ‘Companions of the Rock’, it is a profound discourse on divine protection, particularly the preservation of the Qur’an itself, and serves as a stark warning through the tales of past nations who mocked their messengers. This resource explores the key figures, archetypes, and powerful symbols within its verses—from the creation of humanity and the fall of Iblis, to the angelic visitors of Ibrahim and the ultimate fate of the pious and the arrogant. Each card provides a focused analysis of the character’s role within this Surah, highlighting the timeless lessons on faith, divine justice, and the unwavering certainty of Allah’s promise.

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Adam (عليه السلام)

Brief Biography / Background

Adam (عليه السلام) is the first human being, the father of all humanity, and the first prophet of Allah. Created from clay, Allah breathed into him from His spirit and commanded the angels to prostrate to him in respect, a pivotal event that established the honorable rank of humanity and triggered the arrogance of Iblis.

Role in the Surah

In Surah Al-Hijr, the story of Adam’s creation is the backdrop for the primary conflict between humanity and Iblis. Allah recounts the event to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ: “And [mention, O Muhammad], when your Lord said to the angels, ‘I will create a human being from sounding clay from altered black mud. And when I have proportioned him and breathed into him of My Spirit, then fall down to him in prostration.'” (Al-Hijr, 15:28-29). Adam’s creation and the honor bestowed upon him are the direct cause for Iblis’s refusal to prostrate, setting the stage for the eternal enmity between Satan and mankind.

Personality & Attributes

Adam represents the archetype of humanity in its primordial, honored state. He is the direct creation of Allah, fashioned with care and granted a special spiritual connection (“breathed into him of My Spirit”). He is the symbol of humanity’s potential for greatness and the object of both divine honor and satanic envy.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The origin of humanity is a noble one, directly honored by God’s command to the angels.
• Understanding the story of Adam’s creation is key to understanding the root of Iblis’s enmity towards us.
• Our physical origin from earth should keep us humble, while our spiritual origin (the breath from Allah) should remind us of our high potential.

Supporting References

The narrative in this Surah focuses less on Adam’s life in the garden and more on the cosmic events surrounding his creation. It uses his story to explain the nature of Iblis’s arrogance and to establish the central theme of Iblis’s vow to mislead Adam’s descendants, except for the sincere servants of Allah.

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Al-Ard (The Earth)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Ard, the Earth, is presented throughout the Qur’an as a sign (ayah) of Allah’s power, wisdom, and mercy. It is the divinely prepared cradle for human existence, vast and full of resources.

Role in the Surah

Surah Al-Hijr highlights the Earth as a perfectly balanced and provisioned creation. Allah says, “And the earth – We have spread it and cast therein firmly set mountains and caused to grow therein [something] of every well-balanced thing. And We have made for you therein livelihoods and [for] those for whom you are not providers.” (Al-Hijr, 15:19-20). The Earth is depicted as a vast expanse, stabilized by mountains, containing a perfectly proportioned and balanced ecosystem designed to sustain not only humans but all creatures.

Personality & Attributes

The Earth is an archetype of a vast, stable, and provident creation. It embodies the principles of balance (mawzun) and divine provision. It is a silent but powerful testament to the meticulous planning and generosity of its Creator.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The Earth’s ecosystem is a delicate and perfect balance established by Allah; humanity should be its steward, not its corrupter.
• Contemplating the Earth’s vastness and the provisions within it should lead to profound gratitude.
• Allah is the ultimate provider for all creatures, whether they are under human care or not.

Supporting References

The mention of “every well-balanced thing” is a nod to the perfect ratios and ecological harmony found in nature. The Surah connects the creation of the heavens, the earth, and the winds to demonstrate a unified and purposeful cosmic design, all pointing to the One Creator.

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Al-Dhikr (The Reminder / The Qur’an)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Dhikr, meaning The Reminder or The Remembrance, is one of the primary names of the Qur’an. It signifies that the Qur’an’s purpose is not to bring entirely new information but to remind humanity of the primordial truths already embedded in their souls, especially the truth of the Oneness of Allah (Tawhid).

Role in the Surah

Al-Dhikr plays a central and celebrated role in Surah Al-Hijr. The Surah contains the famous and powerful declaration of its divine protection. After the mockers accuse the Prophet ﷺ of being possessed for bringing this “Dhikr,” Allah responds with a definitive statement: “Indeed, it is We who sent down the Dhikr and indeed, We will be its guardian.” (Al-Hijr, 15:9). This verse is the ultimate guarantee of the Qur’an’s preservation from any corruption or change until the end of time.

Personality & Attributes

Al-Dhikr is the archetype of preserved, incorruptible, and timeless truth. It is a direct and living connection to the divine, serving as a perpetual reminder for all generations. Its divine guardianship makes it unique among all other revealed scriptures.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The Qur’an is under the direct protection of Allah, guaranteeing its authenticity for all time.
• The message of the Qur’an serves to awaken the human soul to the truths it already knows deep down.
• This divine guarantee gives believers complete certainty and confidence in the text they hold in their hands.

Supporting References

This promise of preservation is considered a living miracle. The textual purity of the Qur’an over more than fourteen centuries, despite numerous attempts to alter it, is seen as the fulfillment of this divine pledge. This verse is the cornerstone of the Muslim belief in the Qur’an’s perfect authenticity.

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Al-Ghafur al-Rahim (The Forgiving, the Merciful)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Ghafur (The All-Forgiving) and Al-Rahim (The Especially Merciful) are two of the most frequently mentioned names of Allah in the Qur’an. They describe the divine attributes of boundless forgiveness for sins and an all-encompassing, tender mercy towards creation, particularly the believers.

Role in the Surah

These attributes are presented in a powerful, balanced statement that defines the two aspects of Allah’s dealing with humanity. Allah instructs the Prophet ﷺ to inform His servants: “Inform My servants that it is I who am the Forgiving, the Merciful. And that it is My punishment which is the painful punishment.” (Al-Hijr, 15:49-50). This pairing is crucial. It presents the complete picture: a door of infinite mercy and forgiveness for those who repent, and a warning of severe justice for those who persist in sin. The angels also mention this attribute to Ibrahim.

Personality & Attributes

As an archetype, Al-Ghafur al-Rahim represents the boundless hope and refuge available to the sinner. It is the divine promise that no sin is too great to be forgiven if one turns back in sincere repentance. It is the compassionate nature of the Lord who loves to forgive.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer’s relationship with Allah should be balanced between hope in His mercy and fear of His punishment.
• One should never despair of Allah’s forgiveness, no matter how great their sins.
• Understanding both Allah’s mercy and His justice is essential for a complete and balanced faith.

Supporting References

This declaration is placed immediately after the description of the pious in Paradise. It serves as an open invitation for every sinner to join them, reminding them that the path to that reward is through seeking the forgiveness of the All-Forgiving, the Merciful.

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Al-Ghawin (The Deviated Ones)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Ghawin, the deviated, the perverse, or those who are in error, is the Qur’anic term for those who consciously choose to follow the path of misguidance laid out by Iblis. They are his devoted followers who have strayed far from the straight path.

Role in the Surah

They are identified as the specific group over whom Iblis claims he will have power. After vowing to mislead humanity, Iblis makes it clear that this is his target audience. His entire mission is to create followers from this group. Allah confirms that this is the natural outcome: “And indeed, Hell is the promised place for them all.” (Al-Hijr, 15:43). They are the ones who will follow Iblis to their shared, doomed destination.

Personality & Attributes

The Ghawin are characterized by their willingness to follow falsehood, their arrogance, and their heedlessness. They are the ones who are receptive to the whispers of Shaytan and actively choose his path over the path of Allah. They are the opposite of the “sincere servants” whom Iblis has no power over.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Deviation from the straight path is a conscious choice, not a random accident.
• Following the path of Iblis leads directly to a promised destination: Hell.
• One must actively choose to be among the sincere servants of Allah to be protected from the misguidance of Shaytan.

Supporting References

The Surah makes a clear distinction: Iblis has no inherent authority (sultan) over humanity. His only power is to tempt and invite. The Ghawin are those who, by their own free will, accept this invitation and become his followers, thus sealing their own fate.

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Al-Insan (The Human Being)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Insan, the human being, is the central creation in the Qur’anic narrative, the object of both divine honor and satanic enmity. Created from a humble origin, humanity is given a high spiritual station and the responsibility of free will.

Role in the Surah

The creation of the human being is described in detail as the event that precipitates the entire cosmic drama. Allah declares His intention to create a human “from sounding clay (salsal) from altered black mud (hama’in masnun).” (Al-Hijr, 15:26). This humble, earthen origin is then contrasted with the immense honor of having the divine spirit breathed into him. This duality—a physical body from mud and a spiritual essence from God—is the defining characteristic of Al-Insan.

Personality & Attributes

The Human Being is an archetype of duality and potential. It has a lowly physical origin, which should inspire humility, and a high spiritual origin, which gives it a noble purpose. It is this unique composition that makes humanity the focal point of the divine test.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Remembering our humble origins from clay should protect us from the arrogance that destroyed Iblis.
• Recognizing the divine spirit within should motivate us to strive for spiritual excellence.
• Humanity’s honor is a trust from God, and we must live up to the responsibility that comes with it.

Supporting References

The detailed description of the “sounding clay from altered black mud” is significant. It emphasizes the earthly, base material from which we are made. It was this physical form that Iblis looked down upon, failing to perceive the divine honor that lay within, a mistake rooted in his racist and materialistic worldview.

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Al-Jannah (The Garden / Paradise)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Jannah, The Garden, is the Qur’anic name for Paradise, the eternal abode of reward for the pious (Al-Muttaqin). It is a place of unimaginable beauty, peace, and bliss, where all toil, grief, and ill-will are removed.

Role in the Surah

Paradise is described as the final destination for the pious servants of Allah, the ones who were protected from the deceptions of Iblis. Its state is one of perfect peace and brotherhood: “Indeed, the righteous will be within gardens and springs. [They will be told], ‘Enter it in peace, safe and secure.’ And We will remove whatever is in their breasts of resentment, [so they will be] brothers, on thrones facing each other.” (Al-Hijr, 15:45-47). The description emphasizes psychological and social bliss—the removal of all negative feelings and a state of perfect, loving community.

Personality & Attributes

The Garden is an archetype of ultimate peace, security, and purified fellowship. It is a place where no toil or fatigue can touch its inhabitants. Its greatest feature, as highlighted here, is the purification of the heart, leading to a perfect state of brotherhood.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The reward for piety is not just physical pleasure but also perfect emotional and spiritual peace.
• One of the greatest joys of Paradise will be the removal of all grudges and resentments, allowing for pure, loving relationships.
• Striving to purify one’s heart from resentment and envy in this life is a way of preparing for the state of Paradise.

Supporting References

The image of “brothers, on thrones facing each other” is deeply symbolic. It signifies equality, mutual respect, and open, loving communication. There is no hierarchy or turning of backs; just a community of purified souls enjoying each other’s company in the presence of their Lord.

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Al-Khallaq al-‘Alim (The All-Knowing Creator)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Khallaq (The Creator who creates repeatedly and perfectly) and Al-‘Alim (The All-Knowing) are two attributes of Allah that emphasize His infinite creative power and His comprehensive knowledge. Al-Khallaq implies not just a one-time act of creation but a continuous, masterful artistry.

Role in the Surah

This combined title appears as a definitive statement of Allah’s identity and power, directly linked to the truth of the Hereafter. The Surah states, “And indeed, your Lord – He is the All-Knowing Creator.” (Al-Hijr, 15:86). This is mentioned immediately after confirming the coming of the Final Hour. The argument is that the One who had the knowledge and power to create the heavens and the earth and everything between them with such perfection certainly has the knowledge and power to bring about the Hour and resurrect humanity.

Personality & Attributes

This title is an archetype of absolute creative power and omniscience. It assures that nothing is beyond His ability and nothing is hidden from His knowledge. He is the Master Artist and the Ultimate Knower.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Belief in the Resurrection is a logical extension of belief in the initial creation.
• Contemplating the perfect and continuous creation around us should strengthen our certainty in Allah’s power to resurrect.
• Allah’s creation is not separate from His knowledge; every act of creation is based on perfect and complete wisdom.

Supporting References

This verse serves as a concluding proof within the Surah. It answers the disbelievers’ denial of the Afterlife by directing them to an undeniable reality: the existence of a Creator whose power and knowledge are evident throughout the cosmos. If they accept the premise (the Creator), they must accept the logical conclusion (the Resurrection).

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Al-Mala’ikah (The Angels)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Mala’ikah, the Angels, are beings of light created by Allah to be His obedient servants. They carry out His commands without question, from delivering revelation to administering the affairs of the universe.

Role in the Surah

The Angels play a multifaceted role in Surah Al-Hijr.

1. They are the first to show obedience in the story of Adam, immediately falling into prostration as commanded: “So the angels prostrated – all of them entirely, except Iblis.” (15:30-31).
2. They are the messengers sent as guests to Prophet Ibrahim (عليه السلام), delivering the good news of a knowledgeable son.
3. They are the agents of divine punishment sent to destroy the people of Lut, specifying that they are not sent down arbitrarily: “We do not send down the angels except with truth…” (15:8).

They represent absolute obedience in contrast to Iblis’s rebellion.

Personality & Attributes

The Angels are the archetype of perfect obedience, divine power, and purposeful action. They are bearers of both glad tidings (to Ibrahim) and terrible punishment (to the people of Lut), carrying out both missions with perfect precision as commanded by their Lord.

Major Lessons & Morals

• True honor lies in immediate and complete obedience to the commands of Allah.
• Divine intervention in the world is real and is carried out by powerful, unseen servants of God.

* Angels are not sent down for spectacle, but only with truth and for a decisive purpose, such as delivering a message or executing a judgment.

Supporting References

The disbelievers’ demand to “bring down the angels” upon them as a sign was a recurring theme. The Surah’s response that angels are only sent “with truth” implies that had they been sent to them, it would have been for their immediate destruction, as the time for believing would be over. It was therefore a mercy that their request was not granted.

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Al-Mukhlasin (The Sincere Servants)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Mukhlasin are the sincere, chosen, and purified servants of Allah. The term denotes those whose worship and devotion are purely and exclusively for Allah, free from any ulterior motives or corruption. Because of this purity, Allah grants them special protection.

Role in the Surah

They are the one group of humanity that Iblis himself admits he has no power over. In his vow of enmity, he makes a crucial exception. He declares he will mislead all of humanity, “‘Except, from among them, Your chosen, sincere servants (al-mukhlasin).'” (Al-Hijr, 15:40). Allah confirms this, stating, “Indeed, My servants – no authority will you have over them, except those who follow you of the deviators.” (Al-Hijr, 15:42). They are, by divine decree, a protected group.

Personality & Attributes

The Sincere Servants are the archetype of spiritual immunity and divine protection. Their defining quality is their sincerity (ikhlas), which acts as an impenetrable shield against the whispers and temptations of Shaytan. Their allegiance is purely to Allah, so Iblis can find no foothold in their hearts.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Sincerity in faith and worship is the ultimate protection against Satan.
• Shaytan’s power is not absolute; it is nullified against those whose hearts are purely devoted to Allah.
• The path to becoming one of the protected “servants of Allah” is through the cultivation of sincerity in all aspects of one’s life.

Supporting References

This exception is the cornerstone of hope for the believer. The battle against Shaytan is not one of equal powers. The believer who dedicates themselves sincerely to Allah is brought under the direct protection of the Almighty, a fortress that the devil himself admits he cannot breach.

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Al-Mustahzi’in (The Scoffers)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Mustahzi’in, the scoffers or mockers, are the archetype of those who use ridicule, scorn, and derision as their primary weapon against the prophets and the divine message. Their mockery is a sign of their deep-seated arrogance and their refusal to engage with the truth sincerely.

Role in the Surah

The Surah was revealed at a time when the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was facing intense mockery from the leaders of the Quraysh. Allah gives him a direct command to ignore them and a promise of divine intervention against them: “So proclaim that which you are commanded and turn away from the polytheists. Indeed, We are sufficient for you against the mockers.” (Al-Hijr, 15:94-95). This provided immense comfort and strength to the Prophet, assuring him that he did not have to fight this battle alone; Allah Himself would deal with the chief mockers.

Personality & Attributes

The Scoffers are characterized by their arrogance, foolishness, and cruelty. They resort to ridicule because they have no logical or rational argument against the truth. Their mockery is a defense mechanism to protect their fragile egos and their vested interests in the system of falsehood.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Those who call to the truth should expect to be met with mockery and should respond with patience and by turning away.
• A believer’s focus should be on proclaiming the message, not on getting bogged down in arguments with scoffers.
• Allah is the ultimate defender of His prophets and His message; He will suffice the believers against the harm of the mockers.

Supporting References

Historical accounts from the Seerah detail that the main leaders of the Quraysh who spearheaded the campaign of ridicule against the Prophet ﷺ all met ignominious ends, which is seen as a direct fulfillment of this divine promise: “Indeed, We are sufficient for you against the mockers.”

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Al-Muttaqin (The Pious)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Muttaqin, the pious or the God-conscious, are those who possess Taqwa. Taqwa is the state of being conscious and mindful of Allah in all of one’s affairs, which leads a person to perform righteous deeds and abstain from sin. It is the defining quality of a true believer.

Role in the Surah

The Muttaqin are presented as the ones who will achieve the ultimate success in the Hereafter. Their final abode is described in stark contrast to that of the followers of Iblis. “Indeed, the righteous (al-muttaqin) will be within gardens and springs.” (Al-Hijr, 15:45). They are the “sincere servants” who were protected from Iblis, and this is their promised reward. Their piety in this life is transformed into an eternal state of peace, security, and purified brotherhood in the next.

Personality & Attributes

The Pious are the archetype of the successful believer. They are characterized by their God-consciousness, which manifests in obedience, sincerity, and a life lived in accordance with divine guidance. They are the ones who took the divine warnings seriously and prepared for their meeting with their Lord.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The ultimate reward for a life of piety and God-consciousness is Paradise.
• Taqwa is the shield that protects a believer in this life and the key that opens the gates of Jannah in the next.
• The goal of a believer is to cultivate Taqwa in their heart so they may be counted among the Muttaqin.

Supporting References

The description of their reward focuses heavily on peace (“salam”), security (“aminin”), and the removal of all ill-will. This suggests that the internal state of peace and purity that Taqwa generates in this world is a foretaste of the perfect and eternal peace they will experience in the Hereafter.

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Al-Qur’an al-‘Azim (The Great Qur’an)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Qur’an al-‘Azim, The Great Qur’an, is a title of honor for the final revelation from Allah. The adjective ‘Azim (Great, Magnificent, Mighty) points to its profound status, its comprehensive guidance, its miraculous nature, and its timeless relevance.

Role in the Surah

This title is mentioned in a verse meant to console and elevate the spirit of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. After being reminded of the fleeting worldly enjoyments of the disbelievers, Allah reminds him of the far greater treasure he has been given: “And We have certainly given you, [O Muhammad], seven of the often repeated [verses] and the great Qur’an.” (Al-Hijr, 15:87). The message is that possession of this Great Qur’an is a gift that far outweighs all the material wealth and power of the entire world.

Personality & Attributes

The Great Qur’an is the archetype of divine treasure and spiritual wealth. It is a source of honor, wisdom, and guidance that is infinitely more valuable than any worldly possession. Its “greatness” lies in its divine origin and its transformative power.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer who has been blessed with the Qur’an should never feel envious of the worldly possessions of disbelievers.
• The guidance and wisdom of the Qur’an are the greatest gifts one can ever receive.
• One should recognize the immense “greatness” of the Qur’an and give it the reverence and attention it deserves.

Supporting References

This verse beautifully teaches contentment and the reorientation of one’s values. It tells the Prophet ﷺ and all believers not to be dazzled by the glamour of the worldly life but to find their honor, wealth, and contentment in their connection to the magnificent word of Allah.

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Al-Riyah (The Winds)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Riyah, the winds, are a powerful natural force. The Qur’an describes them as a sign of Allah and His soldiers, carrying out various commands from driving clouds to delivering punishments or glad tidings.

Role in the Surah

The Winds are mentioned in Surah Al-Hijr with a very specific and scientifically profound description. They are presented as agents of fecundation or pollination: “And We have sent the winds as impregnators (lawaqih), and We send down from the sky, water, and We give it to you to drink. And you are not its retainers.” (Al-Hijr, 15:22). The winds are described as fertilizing the clouds, causing them to produce rain, a concept that has parallels with the scientific understanding of wind’s role in pollination and cloud formation.

Personality & Attributes

The Winds are an archetype of an unseen, powerful, and life-giving force that operates entirely by the command of Allah. They are the humble servants that connect the sky and the earth, facilitating the cycle of water that is essential for all life.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Even unseen forces like the wind are perfectly orchestrated by Allah to fulfill a precise purpose.
• The processes that bring us rain and sustenance are complex and miraculous, deserving of deep reflection and gratitude.
• This verse contains a subtle scientific miracle, describing a function of the wind that was not fully understood by humanity for many centuries.

Supporting References

The term “lawaqih” is rich, carrying meanings of “to fill” and “to fecundate.” This points to the wind’s role in both gathering water vapor to form clouds and potentially in seeding them to produce rain. It is a prime example of the Qur’an’s concise yet deeply meaningful description of the natural world.

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Al-Sab’ al-Mathani (The Seven Oft-Repeated Verses)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Sab’ al-Mathani is a special title given to a specific part of the Qur’an. There is a strong and widespread consensus among scholars, based on clear statements from the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, that this title refers to Surah Al-Fatihah, the opening chapter of the Qur’an.

Role in the Surah

This title appears in a key verse of consolation to the Prophet ﷺ: “And We have certainly given you, [O Muhammad], seven of the often repeated [verses] (Al-Sab’ al-Mathani) and the great Qur’an.” (Al-Hijr, 15:87). By mentioning it distinctly alongside the “Great Qur’an,” Allah highlights its unique and special status. It is a gift of immense value, greater than all the temporary enjoyments of the world.

Personality & Attributes

Al-Sab’ al-Mathani is an archetype of concentrated spiritual power and divine treasure. It is “oft-repeated” because it is recited in every single unit (rak’ah) of the five daily prayers, making it the most recited passage in the world. It is a perfect summary of the Qur’an’s core message.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Surah Al-Fatihah holds a uniquely special and honorable position within the Qur’an.
• The gift of Al-Fatihah and the Qur’an is the greatest blessing a believer can receive, far outweighing any material wealth.
• The daily recitation of these verses is a constant renewal of one’s covenant with Allah and a direct means of seeking His guidance.

Supporting References

A famous hadith confirms this interpretation, where the Prophet ﷺ said to one of his companions, “Shall I not teach you the most superior Surah in the Qur’an?… It is [Surah Al-Fatihah]; it is the seven oft-repeated verses and the Grand Qur’an which I was given.”

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Al-Samawat (The Heavens)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Samawat, the Heavens or the celestial spheres, are consistently presented in the Qur’an as a vast, magnificent, and perfectly ordered creation, serving as an undeniable sign of the power and wisdom of the Creator.

Role in the Surah

In Surah Al-Hijr, the Heavens are described as a creation with a profound purpose, not created for mere sport. Allah declares: “And We have not created the heavens and earth and that between them except in truth.” (Al-Hijr, 15:85). Furthermore, they are described as being adorned for onlookers: “And We have placed within the heaven great stars (buruj) and have beautified it for those who see.” (Al-Hijr, 15:16). They are also a guarded realm, protected from the eavesdropping of devils.

Personality & Attributes

The Heavens are an archetype of grand design, purposeful creation, beauty, and divine protection. They are a book of signs for those who would reflect, and a fortress guarded against the forces of evil.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The entire universe was created with a serious purpose and based on truth and justice; it is not a random or playful accident.
• There is immense beauty in the cosmos that is intended for us to observe and from which we should derive lessons about the Creator.
• There is an unseen reality and order to the universe, including a spiritual realm that is actively protected by Allah.

Supporting References

The verse about the heavens being created “in truth” (bil-haqq) is a direct refutation of nihilistic or atheistic worldviews. It affirms that the universe is imbued with purpose, meaning, and a moral order, all of which point to the existence of a wise and just Creator.

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Al-Sayhah (The Blast)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Sayhah, the Blast or the Shout, is one of the forms of divine punishment described in the Qur’an. It is a terrifying, overwhelming sound or cry that seizes a wicked nation, causing their immediate and simultaneous death.

Role in the Surah

The Blast is mentioned as the specific punishment that befell two of the nations mentioned in this Surah.

1. For the people of Lut, their destruction was multi-faceted, but the final blow is described thus: “So the Blast seized them at sunrise.” (Al-Hijr, 15:73).
2. For the people of Ashab al-Hijr (Thamud), who felt secure in their carved mountains, the same punishment is mentioned: “So the Blast seized them at sunrise.” (Al-Hijr, 15:83).

It is the sudden, inescapable cry of doom that brings an end to their respite.

Personality & Attributes

The Blast is an archetype of sudden, inescapable, and decisive divine punishment. It represents a force against which no worldly protection can stand. Its arrival at “sunrise” is particularly poignant, a time of new beginnings that, for them, became the moment of their ultimate end.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Divine punishment can be sudden and can come at a time when people feel most secure.
• The power of Allah is absolute, and a single command from Him is sufficient to annihilate an entire civilization.

* The repetition of this punishment for different nations serves to emphasize its reality and its certainty for those who follow the same path of denial.

Supporting References

The exact nature of the Blast is in the realm of the unseen, but its effect is made clear: total and instantaneous destruction. It is a reminder that the laws of nature are subservient to Allah and He can use any means—be it water, wind, or sound—as a soldier to carry out His decree.

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Allah (The One God)

Brief Biography / Background

Allah is the proper name of the One, True God, the singular Creator, Sustainer, and Sovereign of all that exists. He is the central reality of the Qur’an and the sole being worthy of worship. Surah Al-Hijr is a powerful declaration of His creative power, His mercy, His justice, and His protection of the final revelation.

Role in the Surah

Allah is the primary speaker and actor throughout the Surah. He is the one who created humanity and the jinn. He commanded the angels and judged Iblis. He is the one who sent the angelic messengers to Ibrahim and Lut. He is the one who created the heavens and earth “in truth” and set all of creation in a perfect balance. Most centrally, He is the one who sent down “The Reminder” (Al-Dhikr) and took it upon Himself to be its guardian: “Indeed, it is We who sent down the Dhikr and indeed, We will be its guardian.” (Al-Hijr, 15:9). He defines Himself as both “The Forgiving, the Merciful” and the author of a “painful punishment.”

Personality & Attributes

This Surah highlights several key divine attributes:

• Al-Hafiz (The Guardian): Specifically in His role as the preserver of the Qur’an.
• Al-Khallaq (The All-Knowing Creator): The one who created everything with purpose.
• Al-Ghafur al-Rahim (The Forgiving, the Merciful): The source of hope for His servants.
• Al-Hakim (The All-Wise): The one whose actions and decrees are based on perfect truth and justice.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Ultimate trust should be placed in Allah’s promise to protect His religion and His book.
• A complete understanding of God requires acknowledging both His infinite mercy and His perfect justice.
• The entire cosmos, from the constellations in the sky to the provisions on Earth, is a testament to His creative genius and right to be worshipped.

Supporting References

The consistent use of the royal “We” throughout the Surah (e.g., “We created,” “We sent down”) lends a tone of majesty and absolute authority to the discourse, befitting the Lord of all worlds who is revealing His final, protected message to mankind.

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Ashab al-Aykah (The Companions of the Wooded Thicket)

Brief Biography / Background

Ashab al-Aykah, the Companions of the Wooded Thicket, is the name given in the Qur’an to the people to whom the Prophet Shu’ayb (عليه السلام) was sent. They are also known as the people of Madyan. They were a community of merchants known for their widespread corruption, particularly their dishonesty in weights and measures.

Role in the Surah

They are mentioned in the list of past nations that were destroyed for their disbelief and wrongdoing. Their story serves as a concise but powerful warning. The Surah states simply, “And the companions of the thicket were certainly wrongdoers. So We took retribution from them. And both cities are on a clear highway.” (Al-Hijr, 15:78-79). The mention that their ruins were on a “clear highway” was a direct, tangible message to the Quraysh of Makkah, who would pass by these very ruins on their trading journeys to Syria.

Personality & Attributes

They are described with a single, comprehensive word: “Zalimun” (wrongdoers/oppressors). Their wrongdoing encompassed both their disbelief in Allah (shirk) and their social and economic injustice towards fellow human beings.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Economic injustice and corruption are grave sins that can lead to the destruction of a nation.
• The ruins of past civilizations are not just historical curiosities but are meant to be a source of profound moral lessons (‘ibrah).
• Allah’s justice is comprehensive; it addresses both theological and social transgressions.

Supporting References

The reference to the “clear highway” made the warning incredibly potent for its original audience. It was not an abstract story from a forgotten time, but a reference to a landmark they knew well, making the threat of a similar fate feel much more immediate and real.

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Ashab al-Hijr (The Companions of the Rock)

Brief Biography / Background

Ashab al-Hijr, the Companions of the Rock, is the name given in this Surah to the people of Thamud, to whom Prophet Salih (عليه السلام) was sent. They were a powerful and sophisticated civilization in northern Arabia, famous for their unique ability to hew magnificent dwellings directly into the faces of rocky mountains.

Role in the Surah

The Surah is named after them, indicating the importance of their story as a central warning. They are presented as a people who explicitly “denied the messengers.” (Al-Hijr, 15:80). The Surah highlights their delusion of security: “And they used to carve from the mountains, houses, feeling secure.” (Al-Hijr, 15:82). This feeling of security, however, was shattered by the divine punishment: “But the Blast seized them at sunrise. And what they used to earn did not avail them.” (Al-Hijr, 15:83-84).

Personality & Attributes

Their defining traits were arrogance, materialism, and a false sense of security. They placed their trust in their architectural and engineering skills, believing that their mountain fortresses made them invulnerable. They were technologically advanced but spiritually bankrupt.

Major Lessons & Morals

• No worldly power, technological advancement, or physical fortification can provide security against the decree of Allah.
• True security is found only in faith and obedience to God, not in material structures.
• All the wealth, skills, and accomplishments one “earns” in this life will be of no benefit in the face of divine justice if one dies upon disbelief.

Supporting References

Their story is a powerful lesson against materialism. They were masters of their physical environment, but their failure to submit to their Creator rendered all their worldly achievements utterly meaningless at the moment of truth.

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Buruj (The Constellations)

Brief Biography / Background

Buruj are great stars or constellations, the celestial formations that adorn the night sky. In ancient times, they were used for navigation and were often objects of astrological worship. The Qur’an reclaims them as signs of Allah’s magnificent artistry and orderly design.

Role in the Surah

The constellations are mentioned as a key feature of the heavens that Allah created and beautified. “And We have placed within the heaven great stars (Buruj) and have beautified it for those who see.” (Al-Hijr, 15:16). They serve a dual purpose: they are a sign of beauty for those who reflect (the onlookers), and they are part of a guarded system, protected from the devils who try to steal information from the heavens.

Personality & Attributes

The Constellations are an archetype of divine beauty, cosmic order, and grandeur. They are the “adornments” (zayyanaha) of the sky, demonstrating that Allah is not only a powerful Creator but also a Master Artist who loves beauty. They operate with perfect precision, a testament to His flawless design.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer should take time to look at the night sky and reflect on the beauty and order of the constellations as a means of increasing their faith.

* The beauty in creation is not accidental; it is a purposeful sign meant to draw us closer to the Creator.

* The heavens are not just a physical space but have an unseen, spiritual dimension that is actively guarded by Allah’s command.

Supporting References

The term Buruj is also understood to refer to the constellations of the Zodiac, which were central to the astrology and pagan religions of many ancient peoples. By asserting that Allah is the one who “placed” them in the sky, the Qur’an firmly subordinates them from objects of worship to mere objects of His creation.

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Dayf Ibrahim (The Guests of Ibrahim)

Brief Biography / Background

Dayf Ibrahim, the Guests of Ibrahim, were a group of angels sent by Allah who appeared in the form of handsome young men. Their visit to Prophet Ibrahim (عليه السلام) was for two purposes: to give him the glad tidings of a son and to inform him of their mission to destroy the people of Lut.

Role in the Surah

Their story is recounted as an example of divine mercy for the believers and justice for the wicked. They enter upon Ibrahim and greet him with “Peace.” He feels a sense of fear towards them (as they did not eat the food he offered). They reassure him and give him the good news: “They said, ‘Do not fear. Indeed, we give you good tidings of a knowledgeable boy.'” (Al-Hijr, 15:53). After Ibrahim expresses his astonishment due to his old age, they confirm that their tidings are the truth and then proceed to their next destination.

Personality & Attributes

The Guests are archetypes of divine messengers who bring both truth and decisive outcomes. They are courteous, direct, and purposeful. They are bearers of both wonderful news (bushra) for the righteous and a stern warning of impending doom for the wicked.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Allah’s blessings can come at any time, even when all worldly odds seem to be against it.
• Angels, when they interact with the human realm, do so for profound and specific purposes as commanded by Allah.
• The story demonstrates the balance between divine mercy (the good news for Ibrahim) and divine justice (the destruction of Lut’s people).

Supporting References

The fear Ibrahim felt is understood to be a natural human reaction to the unknown and the unusual behavior of his guests (refusing to eat). Their immediate reassurance is a sign of their benevolent purpose towards him and his household.

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Disbelievers, The (Al-Kafirun)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Kafirun, the disbelievers, are those who reject the message of Allah’s Oneness and the prophethood of His messengers. The term comes from the root “kafara,” which means “to cover” or “to conceal,” implying that they cover up the truth that is inherent in their own nature and in the signs all around them.

Role in the Surah

The Disbelievers in this Surah, specifically the polytheists of Makkah, are the ones who mock the Prophet ﷺ, accusing him of being possessed: “And they say, ‘O you upon whom the Reminder has been sent down, indeed you are mad.'” (Al-Hijr, 15:6). They demand physical miracles, asking why angels are not brought down before their eyes. The Surah warns them by recounting the fates of previous disbelieving nations (Ashab al-Hijr, Ashab al-Aykah) and assures them that their worldly enjoyment is temporary and of no real value compared to the Qur’an.

Personality & Attributes

They are characterized by arrogance, mockery, materialism, and spiritual blindness. They are unable to appreciate the intellectual and spiritual miracle of the Qur’an and instead demand a sensory spectacle. Their hearts are sealed, so even if a gate from heaven were opened for them, they would dismiss it as an illusion.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Arrogance is the primary barrier that prevents a person from accepting the truth.
• A heart that is determined to disbelieve will not be convinced, even by the most powerful of signs.

* The path of the disbelievers throughout history is one and the same, and its end is always ruin.

Supporting References

The Surah systematically deconstructs the psychology of disbelief. It shows that the issue is not a lack of evidence, but a problem of the heart—a refusal to submit, born of arrogance and a preference for the fleeting pleasures of the worldly life.

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Doubters, The (Those in Doubt)

Brief Biography / Background

The Doubters are an archetype of those whose faith is weak or non-existent, and who are in a state of deep skepticism (shak) about the core truths of the divine message, such as the Oneness of God and the mission of the prophets.

Role in the Surah

The state of doubt is presented as a key characteristic of the disbelieving nations of the past. When their messengers came to them with clear proofs, the response of these nations was one of profound, dismissive doubt. The Surah states that they told their messengers, “…Indeed, we are in disquieting doubt about that to which you invite us.” (Al-Hijr, 15:9, a quote from Surah Ibrahim 14:9, but summarizing the universal response mentioned in Al-Hijr 15:10-11). This doubt was not a sincere inquiry but a pretext for rejection. The people of Ashab al-Hijr are also described as being in doubt concerning their fate.

Personality & Attributes

The Doubters are characterized by their skepticism, cynicism, and unwillingness to commit to the truth. Their doubt is not a healthy, investigative skepticism but a “disquieting” (murib) doubt that is rooted in a desire to avoid the moral and spiritual responsibilities that come with belief.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Doubt, when it is not used to seek the truth but to reject it, is a disease of the heart.
• The clear signs of God in creation and revelation are sufficient to remove any sincere doubt.
• A state of persistent, disquieting doubt is a hallmark of the path of those who were destroyed in the past.

Supporting References

The Qur’an acknowledges that sincere questions can be a path to knowledge, but it condemns the type of doubt that is used as a shield to protect one’s preconceived notions and avoid submitting to the truth. This is the “disquieting doubt” of the deniers.

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Drunkenly Blind, The (Those in Sakrah)

Brief Biography / Background

This is a powerful archetype describing a state of extreme moral and spiritual intoxication. Those in this state are so overcome by their passions, desires, or misguidance that they are “drunkenly blind,” wandering about aimlessly and unable to perceive reality.

Role in the Surah

This specific description is used for the people of Lut. As they rushed to Prophet Lut’s house, demanding his angelic guests, Allah describes their state of utter depravity and obsession with a divine oath: “By your life, [O Muhammad], indeed they were, in their intoxication, wandering blindly.” (Al-Hijr, 15:72). Their overwhelming lust had intoxicated them to the point where they could no longer reason or listen to any voice of morality, like a drunkard who has lost all sense of direction.

Personality & Attributes

This archetype is characterized by a complete loss of reason, moral compass, and perception of reality due to being overcome by sinful passions. It is a state of being “high” on one’s own desires, stumbling blindly towards destruction.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Allowing one’s desires to run unchecked can lead to a state of spiritual intoxication that is as debilitating as physical drunkenness.
• When a person or society reaches this state of being “drunkenly blind” in their sin, they are on the very brink of divine punishment.
• One must constantly struggle against their lower self to avoid being intoxicated by the temptations of the world.

Supporting References

The fact that Allah swears by the life of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in this verse is a point of great honor for him and underscores the certainty and gravity of the description of the people of Lut. It is a divine testimony to their absolute state of misguidance.

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Family of Lut, The (Al Lut)

Brief Biography / Background

The Family of Lut (Al Lut) refers to the believing members of Prophet Lut’s (عليه السلام) household. They were the small handful of righteous individuals who accepted his message in a city completely consumed by corruption and depravity.

Role in the Surah

They are the specific group marked for salvation from the impending doom. When the angels arrive, their primary mission, before destroying the city, is to rescue this believing family. They command Lut: “So set out with your family during a portion of the night and follow behind them and let not anyone among you look back and continue on to where you are commanded.” (Al-Hijr, 15:65). This divine command ensures the preservation of the righteous remnant before the wicked are destroyed. The only exception made is for Lut’s wife.

Personality & Attributes

The Family of Lut is the archetype of the saved remnant. They are characterized by their piety, obedience, and their ability to maintain their purity in a deeply corrupt environment. Their salvation is a direct result of their faith and their adherence to their prophet.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Allah’s justice is precise; He never punishes the righteous along with the wicked.
• Salvation is for those who obey the divine commands promptly and without hesitation.
• It is possible to maintain one’s faith and purity even when surrounded by overwhelming sin and corruption.

Supporting References

The command to “not look back” is deeply symbolic. It represents a complete break from the sinful society and its attachments. To look back would be to show a lingering connection or regret, which would be inconsistent with the complete disassociation required for salvation. Lut’s wife failed this test.

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Gates of Hell, The

Brief Biography / Background

The Gates of Hell (Abwab Jahannam) are the entrances to the abode of eternal punishment. The Qur’an and Hadith describe Hell as having multiple gates, through which different categories of sinners will be entered according to the nature of their primary sins.

Role in the Surah

Surah Al-Hijr provides a specific detail about the structure of Hell, confirming its multi-gated nature. After stating that Hell is the promised place for all the followers of Iblis, it adds: “It has seven gates; for every gate is of them a portion designated.” (Al-Hijr, 15:44). This verse indicates that the population of Hell is not a single, monolithic group, but is divided and apportioned into different levels or sections, each entering through its own gate.

Personality & Attributes

The Gates of Hell are an archetype of divine justice and categorization of sin. They symbolize that while the destination is one, the paths that lead to it are varied, and the punishment within may be tiered according to the crimes committed. They represent a place of organized, inescapable doom.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Just as there are many paths of misguidance, there are different categories of punishment for those who follow them.
• Divine justice is precise; each sinner will be assigned to a place that befits their specific deeds.
• The knowledge of these gates should serve as a powerful deterrent, urging a believer to avoid every single path that leads to them.

Supporting References

Classical commentaries have discussed what each of the seven gates might be for, suggesting categories such as a gate for the polytheists, a gate for the arrogant, a gate for the hypocrites, and so on. While the specifics are known only to Allah, the principle of a designated portion for every type of sin is made clear in this verse.

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Heirs, The (Al-Warithun)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Warithun, The Heirs or The Inheritors, is an attribute of Allah. It signifies that He is the one to whom all things ultimately return. All possessions, power, and life in creation are temporary trusts, and when their appointed term is over, everything reverts to the true and eternal Owner, Allah.

Role in the Surah

This attribute is mentioned to emphasize Allah’s absolute sovereignty over life, death, and all of existence. After mentioning that He alone gives life and causes death, Allah declares: “And indeed, it is We who give life and cause death, and We are the Inheritors.” (Al-Hijr, 15:23). This is a powerful reminder that our existence and everything we “possess” is fleeting. The only permanent reality is Allah, who will inherit the heavens and the earth and everything in them.

Personality & Attributes

As an attribute, The Inheritor represents Allah’s eternality, permanence, and absolute ownership. It is the divine quality that puts all worldly ownership and attachments into their proper, transient perspective.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Never become arrogant about what you possess, whether it is wealth, power, or life itself, because you are only a temporary custodian.
• The ultimate reality is that everything belongs to Allah and will return to Him.
• This realization should encourage us to use our temporary trusts in a way that will please the eternal Owner.

Supporting References

This concept is the bedrock of the Islamic view of property and life. We are not owners but trustees. The true Owner is Al-Warith, and our success lies in how well we manage the trust He has placed in our hands before we, and it, return to Him.

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Iblis (The Devil)

Brief Biography / Background

Iblis is the proper name of the primary adversary of humanity, also known as Shaytan (Satan). He was originally a Jinn who, through his devotion, was elevated to a high rank among the angels. However, his downfall came from his own arrogance and jealousy at the creation of Adam.

Role in the Surah

Iblis is a central character in the first part of Surah Al-Hijr. He is the sole being who refused Allah’s command to prostrate to Adam. When asked why, he revealed the racist and arrogant reason: “He said, ‘I am not one to prostrate to a human being whom You created from sounding clay from altered black mud.'” (Al-Hijr, 15:33). For this disobedience, he was cursed and cast out. He then asked for respite until the Day of Resurrection, which was granted, and immediately declared his mission: to mislead all of humanity, with the exception of Allah’s “sincere servants.”

Personality & Attributes

Iblis is the ultimate archetype of arrogance (kibr), jealousy, rebellion, and racism. He is defiant even in the presence of God. His logic is flawed and materialistic, judging worth based on physical origin (fire vs. clay) rather than divine honor. He is the first to employ false reasoning to justify disobedience.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Arrogance is the root of all disobedience and the primary cause of damnation.
• Never look down upon others based on their physical origins, race, or material composition.
• The story of Iblis is a timeless warning of how a single act of prideful rebellion can undo ages of worship.

Supporting References

His story, as presented here, establishes the eternal conflict. It is not a battle of equal powers, but a test for humanity. Will they follow their honored father Adam on the path of humility and repentance, or their arrogant enemy Iblis on the path of pride and rebellion?

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Ibrahim (عليه السلام)

Brief Biography / Background

Ibrahim (عليه السلام), or Abraham, is one of the greatest messengers of Allah, known as “The Friend of Allah” (Khalil-ullah). He is a patriarch of monotheism, and his story is one of unwavering faith, courage against idolatry, and profound submission to God’s will.

Role in the Surah

His story is presented as a narrative of faith and divine blessings. He is visited by angelic guests whom he initially does not recognize. After they reassure him of his fear, they deliver to him the “good tidings of a knowledgeable boy.” (Al-Hijr, 15:53). Ibrahim expresses his human astonishment, questioning how this could be possible in his extreme old age. The angels confirm that this is the truth from God and that he should not be of the despairing. His story here is one of receiving unexpected divine mercy.

Personality & Attributes

Ibrahim is portrayed as hospitable, reverent, and deeply human in his reaction. His wonder at the news is not a sign of weak faith, but a natural reaction to a miracle that defies normal human experience. He is a model of one who receives Allah’s blessings with awe and gratitude.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Never despair of the mercy of Allah, no matter how impossible a situation may seem.
• Allah’s power is not bound by the laws of nature; He can bestow His blessings upon anyone at any time.
• Expressing astonishment at a miracle is a natural human response and does not contradict faith.

Supporting References

The narrative of Ibrahim in this Surah serves as a prelude to the story of Lut. It establishes the angels’ mission and provides a beautiful contrast between the mercy and good news delivered to the house of the believer (Ibrahim) and the justice and punishment delivered to the city of the disbelievers (the people of Lut).

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Ikhwan ‘ala Surur (Brothers on Thrones)

Brief Biography / Background

This is an archetypal description of the inhabitants of Paradise, highlighting the state of perfect fellowship and mutual love that they will enjoy. It is the culmination of the social and spiritual purification that is part of the reward of Jannah.

Role in the Surah

This beautiful image is the final touch in the description of the pious in Paradise. After mentioning that Allah will remove all resentment from their hearts, the Surah describes their social arrangement: “…[so they will be] brothers, on thrones facing each other.” (Al-Hijr, 15:47). This imagery captures a state of complete harmony, respect, and open-hearted friendship.

Personality & Attributes

This archetype represents purified souls, perfect brotherhood, and honored rest. The thrones (surur) signify honor and relaxation. The fact that they are “facing each other” (mutaqabilin) is deeply significant, indicating a lack of suspicion, hierarchy, or turning away from one another. It is a state of pure, face-to-face, heart-to-heart fellowship.

Major Lessons & Morals

• One of the greatest blessings of Paradise is the purification of the heart from all negative social emotions like envy and resentment.
• The ideal community is one of brotherhood, equality, and mutual love, a state that will be perfected in Jannah.
• A believer should strive to build loving, sincere relationships for the sake of Allah in this life, as a foretaste of the perfect brotherhood to come.

Supporting References

This description provides a social goal for the Muslim community on Earth. While perfect brotherhood may be unattainable here, it remains the ideal towards which the community should strive, knowing that it will be the guaranteed state of all believers in the Hereafter.

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Jinn, The

Brief Biography / Background

The Jinn are a race of beings created by Allah from a “smokeless fire.” They exist in a realm unseen by humans and, like humanity, they possess free will and are subject to the divine test of belief and disbelief. They have their own societies, cultures, and messengers.

Role in the Surah

The Jinn are mentioned as the species from which Iblis originated. The Surah details the sequence of creation, highlighting their existence before humanity: “And the jinn We created before from scorching fire.” (Al-Hijr, 15:27). This verse establishes their separate origin and their ancient presence. Iblis’s boast of being “better than him” is based on this origin of fire versus Adam’s origin of clay.

Personality & Attributes

As a race, the Jinn are an archetype of an unseen creation with free will. Iblis represents the arrogant and rebellious among them, while other parts of the Qur’an confirm that there are also pious and believing Jinn.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The universe is populated by more than just the creatures we can see; belief in the unseen, including the Jinn, is part of Islamic faith.
• The story of Iblis is a warning that a noble origin (like being created from fire) is no guarantee of righteousness if it is accompanied by arrogance.
• The Qur’an corrects the superstitions of the pre-Islamic Arabs, who often feared and worshipped the Jinn, by placing them in their proper context as another creation of Allah, subject to His judgment.

Supporting References

The description of their creation from “scorching fire” (nar al-samum) points to their fiery, volatile nature, which can manifest as either powerful good or, as in the case of Iblis, fiery arrogance and destructive evil.

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Lawh Mahfuz (The Preserved Tablet)

Brief Biography / Background

Lawh Mahfuz, the Preserved Tablet, is the celestial repository in which all things are written before they come into being. It is the master record of all of Allah’s decrees, protected from any change, corruption, or access by created beings.

Role in the Surah

While the term itself is in other Surahs, the concept is directly referenced in the context of the Qur’an’s preservation. The declaration, “Indeed, We will be its guardian” (15:9), implies a source text that is itself guarded. The Qur’an (Al-Dhikr) is a revelation from this perfectly preserved source. Everything, from the creation of the heavens to the fate of nations, is known and recorded in this tablet.

Personality & Attributes

The Preserved Tablet is the archetype of divine knowledge, predestination, and perfect preservation. It is the ultimate source code of the universe, containing the record of all that was and all that will be. Its existence is a testament to Allah’s absolute omniscience and control.

Major Lessons & Morals

• There is a divine plan and decree for all things, which should give the believer a sense of peace and trust.
• The Qur’an is not a new invention but a transcript from a timeless, protected source, which guarantees its truthfulness.
• The concept of the Preserved Tablet should inspire awe at the depth and breadth of Allah’s knowledge.

Supporting References

The belief in the Preserved Tablet is part of the belief in Qadar (divine decree). It affirms that nothing in the universe happens randomly or by chance, but unfolds according to a perfect and pre-recorded plan known only to Allah.

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Lut (عليه السلام)

Brief Biography / Background

Lut (عليه السلام), or Lot, was a prophet of Allah and the nephew of Prophet Ibrahim (عليه السلام). He was sent to the people of Sodom and Gomorrah, a community that had descended into unprecedented levels of corruption and sexual depravity, most famously the practice of homosexuality.

Role in the Surah

His story is narrated immediately after Ibrahim’s, as the angelic messengers proceed from Ibrahim’s home to Lut’s city. The narrative focuses on Lut’s distress and his attempt to protect his guests from his wicked people. When the mob arrives at his house, he makes a desperate plea, offering them his daughters (a proposal for lawful marriage) as an alternative to their sin. The angels then reveal their identity, reassure him, and command him to flee with his family before the city is destroyed by a “Blast” at sunrise, and “a rain of stones of baked clay.”

Personality & Attributes

Lut is portrayed as a righteous, protective, and deeply tormented man. He is a stranger in a wicked city, struggling alone to uphold morality. His anguish is palpable as he feels powerless to protect his guests, a sacred duty. He is the archetype of the righteous man suffering in a corrupt society.

Major Lessons & Morals

• A believer must stand for morality and oppose sin, even if they are completely alone in their stance.
• Feeling grief and distress over the sins of one’s society is a sign of a healthy and sound heart.
• Ultimately, Allah’s help will come to the righteous, and He will provide a way out from impossible situations.

Supporting References

The story of Lut in this Surah, as in others, serves as one of the most powerful warnings against sexual deviancy. The complete and utter destruction of his people, with their city being turned upside down and rained upon with stones, is a testament to the severity of their transgressions in the sight of Allah.

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Lut’s Wife

Brief Biography / Background

The wife of Lut was a member of the prophet’s household but was not a true believer. She was inwardly sympathetic to the corrupt people of the city and their wicked practices. She is a prime Qur’anic example of betrayal from within.

Role in the Surah

Her role is that of the exception to the rule of salvation. When the angels command Lut to flee with his family (ahlika), they make one specific exclusion: “‘Except your wife; indeed, We have decreed that she is of those who remain behind.'” (Al-Hijr, 15:60). Her fate was sealed with that of the wicked because her allegiance was with them. She was physically part of the prophet’s family but spiritually part of the doomed city.

Personality & Attributes

She is the archetype of the traitor and the hypocrite. She enjoyed the protection and status of being a prophet’s wife while secretly siding with the enemies of God. Her character demonstrates a profound lack of loyalty and a heart that was attached to a sinful way of life.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Kinship with a righteous person, even a prophet, provides no guarantee of salvation.
• Each individual is judged based on their own faith, allegiance, and actions.
• Internal hypocrisy is a disease that can lead to being counted among the doomed, even if one is outwardly associated with the righteous.

Supporting References

Tradition holds that her betrayal was in signaling to the wicked men of the city whenever Lut had male visitors, thereby aiding and abetting their sinful intentions. Her desire to “remain behind” was a reflection of where her heart truly belonged.

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Preceding Sects, The (Shiya’ al-Awwalin)

Brief Biography / Background

The Preceding Sects (Shiya’ al-Awwalin) is a term for the nations and communities of the past who received messengers. The term “Shiya'” implies different groups, factions, or sects, each of whom had their own prophet and their own unique history of response to the divine message.

Role in the Surah

They are mentioned to establish a historical pattern of mockery and rejection, thereby consoling the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The Surah states that the phenomenon of mocking the prophets is not new: “And We had already sent [messengers] before you among the sects of the former peoples. And no messenger would come to them except that they ridiculed him.” (Al-Hijr, 15:10-11). This shows that the rejection faced by the Prophet was the standard, not the exception.

Personality & Attributes

This collective group is the archetype of the historical denier. They represent the consistent, recurring human tendency to reject divine guidance out of arrogance, tradition, or fear of change. Their behavior is predictable and their fate is a lesson for all who follow.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The struggle between truth and falsehood is a timeless one, repeated in every generation.

* A caller to Islam should not be disheartened by rejection, as it is the same treatment the greatest messengers of the past received.

* Understanding this historical pattern provides perspective and strengthens one’s resolve to persevere.

Supporting References

By framing the opposition in this historical context, the Surah lifts the burden from the Prophet’s shoulders. The mockery he faced was not a reflection of a personal failure, but a confirmation that he was truly walking in the footsteps of the great messengers who came before him.

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Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ)

Brief Biography / Background

Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) is the final messenger of Allah, to whom the Qur’an was revealed. Surah Al-Hijr was revealed during the Makkan period, a time of intense personal hardship and public ridicule from his tribe, the Quraysh.

Role in the Surah

He is the direct addressee of the Surah, which serves to comfort, strengthen, and guide him. He is told that he is only a “clear warner.” Allah consoles him by reminding him of the great treasure he has been given—the Seven Oft-Repeated Verses and the Great Qur’an—and instructs him not to be saddened by the disbelievers or covet their worldly possessions. He is commanded to be gentle with the believers, to proclaim his message openly, and to turn away from the mockers, with the ultimate assurance: “And worship your Lord until there comes to you the certainty (death).” (Al-Hijr, 15:99).

Personality & Attributes

As the recipient of these commands, the Prophet ﷺ is the archetype of the patient and persevering messenger. The Surah acknowledges the grief he feels (“And We already know that your breast is constrained by what they say”) and provides him with the divine prescription: glorifying Allah and prostrating in worship.

Major Lessons & Morals

• The cure for the pain and distress caused by the words of mockers is to turn to the remembrance and worship of Allah.
• A believer’s focus should be on the spiritual treasures they have been given, not the material possessions of others.
• The ultimate command is one of lifelong, unwavering worship and submission to God until the very end of one’s life.

Supporting References

The final verse is a powerful summary of the purpose of human existence. It provided the Prophet ﷺ, and every believer after him, with a clear and simple lifelong mission: consistent worship and devotion until death, the moment of “certainty” (al-yaqin).

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Salsal (Sounding Clay)

Brief Biography / Background

Salsal is the specific type of clay mentioned in this Surah as the substance from which the physical body of the human being was created. It is described as “sounding clay from altered black mud,” suggesting dried, resonant earth.

Role in the Surah

The mention of Salsal is central to the story of creation and the arrogance of Iblis. Allah declares His intention to create humanity from this substance. This humble, earthen origin is what Iblis scoffs at, contrasting it with his own origin from fire: “He said, ‘I am not one to prostrate to a human being whom You created from sounding clay from altered black mud.'” (Al-Hijr, 15:33). The clay is thus the symbol of humanity’s physical humility.

Personality & Attributes

Salsal is the archetype of humble origins and earthly connection. It represents the physical, perishable component of the human being. Its “sounding” nature implies that it is hollow, perhaps signifying humanity’s inherent neediness and reliance on God to fill its spiritual void.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Reflecting on our origin from mere clay should instill in us a profound sense of humility before our Creator.
• Judging others based on their physical origins or material composition is a satanic trait.
• True worth is not determined by the physical substance one is made from, but by the honor and spirit bestowed by Allah.

Supporting References

The detailed description of the clay—sounding, from altered black mud—provides a vivid, sensory image of our physical beginning. It grounds humanity, reminding us that no matter how high we rise, our bodies are from the earth and will return to it.

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Treasuries of All Things (Khaza’in)

Brief Biography / Background

The Treasuries of All Things (Khaza’in) is a Qur’anic concept referring to the infinite and inexhaustible divine storehouses from which Allah sends down all provisions, resources, and phenomena in the universe.

Role in the Surah

This concept is mentioned to emphasize Allah’s absolute power and control over all of creation. Nothing exists independently of Him; everything originates from His treasuries and is sent down in a precise measure. “And there is not a thing but that with Us are its depositories (khaza’inuhu), and We do not send it down except according to a known measure.” (Al-Hijr, 15:21). This applies to everything from rain and wind to life and death.

Personality & Attributes

The Treasuries are an archetype of infinite divine resource, perfect measure, and absolute control. They represent the boundless potential that exists with Allah, which He manifests in the created world with perfect wisdom and timing.

Major Lessons & Morals

• All provisions and resources in the universe belong to Allah and are dispensed by Him alone.
• Everything in creation, from the smallest raindrop to the largest galaxy, exists in a perfect, predetermined measure.
• This realization should lead a believer to place their complete trust in Allah as the sole Provider, knowing that His treasuries never run out.

Supporting References

This verse is a powerful cure for materialism and anxiety about provision. It teaches that the resources we see on Earth are just a small, measured portion of the infinite bounty that exists with Allah. The key to receiving from these treasuries is to turn to the one who owns them.

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Zalimun, The (The Wrongdoers)

Brief Biography / Background

Al-Zalimun, the wrongdoers, is a comprehensive term for those who transgress the limits set by Allah. This wrongdoing (zulm) can be against Allah (shirk), against others (injustice, oppression), or against oneself (sin). In this Surah, it specifically refers to the disbelieving nations who rejected their prophets.

Role in the Surah

The term is used to describe the people of Lut and the people of Ashab al-Aykah. The angels inform Lut that the appointed time for the destruction of the wrongdoers is the morning. The companions of the thicket are also explicitly labeled as wrongdoers: “And the companions of the thicket were certainly wrongdoers (zalimin). So We took retribution from them.” (Al-Hijr, 15:78-79). Their wrongdoing was the direct cause of their annihilation.

Personality & Attributes

The Zalimun are the archetype of those who are rebellious, unjust, and corrupt. They actively choose to live in a state of opposition to divine law. They are the ones whose actions disrupt the natural balance and moral order, thus warranting divine retribution.

Major Lessons & Morals

• Wrongdoing and oppression have a divinely-appointed term; they will not be allowed to continue indefinitely.
• The destruction of past wrongdoers serves as a clear warning that divine justice will eventually be served.
• A believer must avoid all forms of wrongdoing to avoid being counted among the Zalimun.

Supporting References

By labeling these nations as Zalimun, the Qur’an provides a moral and legal justification for their destruction. It was not an arbitrary act, but a just and necessary retribution for their persistent and unrepentant transgression against the divine order.